Abstract
The limited availability of high-resolution monitoring systems for the drought phenomena and water dynamics affected by weather anomalies hinders policy decisions in a multitude of ways. This paper introduces the availability of the high-resolution Water Monitoring System (WMS) developed from a mix of sophisticated multi-spectral satellite imageries, analytic and data sciences, and cloud computing, for monitoring the changes in water levels and vegetation water stress at the local scale. The WMS was tested in the Lower Mekong Region (LMR) case basin, Thailand’s Chi River Basin, in the period from January 2021 to April 2021, the dry season. The overall quality of the VHI, VCI, TCI, and NDVI drought simulation results showed a statistically positive Pearson correlation with the reservoir and dam water volume data (ranged between 0.399 and 0.575) but demonstrated a strong negative correlation with the groundwater level data (between −0.355 and −0.504). Further investigation and more detailed analysis of the influence of different physical environmental conditions related to change in groundwater level should be considered to increase scientific knowledge and understanding about the changing nature of the local system from local perspectives with the alternative use of drought indices in data-poor areas. Our result suggests that the WMS can provide quantitative spatiotemporal variations of localized and contextualized surface water changes as a preliminary analysis. The WMS results can offer guidance for finding a better smaller unit management that suits the local conditions, such as water resource management, disaster risk reduction measures (i.e., drought and flood), irrigation practice, land use planning, and crop management. The existing WMS is geared toward the early warning of water and agricultural development, progress on the SDGs, utilization of digital innovation, and improved abilities of decision-makers to monitor and foresee extreme weather events earlier and with high spatial accuracy.
Highlights
The overall positive correlations were generally stronger between Vegetation Health Index (VHI) and the changes of annual reservoir water volumes (RID_Resv; r = 0.498)
The spatiotemporal patterns were very similar to the correlation obtained with the Vegetation Condition Index (VCI), which had higher positive significance with the changes of annual RID_Resv (r = 0.501) than
The Water Monitoring System (WMS) has marked the first attempt in the development of near real-time monitoring system that integrates multi-source observational data scraping, Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud computing, The WMS has marked the first attempt in the development real-time moniremote sensing technology, and user intuitive feedback forof thenear monitoring of water changes and drought evolution in the
Summary
Recurrent severe droughts seriously threaten food security, socio-economic condition, and ecosystems in the Lower Mekong Region (LMR) [1,2,3]. The 2019/20 drought in many locations of Thailand [4] and Vietnam’s Mekong delta [5,6] are the recent example, where fragmented institutional mandates and varying technical capabilities to monitor these extreme events led to a significantly to delayed response [7,8]. Climate change has magnified drought in both frequency and severity [9,10]. It aggravates the insecurity of water resources that causes a serious disparity between water supply and demand in Sustainability 2022, 14, 1739.
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