Abstract
Co-occurring substance abuse in bipolar disorder is a prevalent and costly problem. Bipolar disorder a leading cause of disability worldwide [1], with up to 60% of these individuals possessing a history of a comorbid substance use disorder (SUD) [2]. Furthermore, research indicates that individuals with SUDs have a 5-8 times greater risk of bipolar disorder compared to the general population [2,3]. Comorbid bipolar and substance use disorders (BP-SUD) are associated with a higher frequency of mood episodes, greater persistence of mood symptoms, increased relapse risk, greater psychiatric comorbidity, greater disability, higher mortality, increased violence, more hospitalizations, higher suicide risk, and poorer functioning compared with non-comorbid patients, as well as higher treatment costs [4-11].
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