Levels of urinary metabolites of benzene compounds, trichloroethylene, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their correlations with socioeconomic, demographic, dietary factors among pregnant women in six cities of China.

Abstract

Maternal exposure to benzene and related compounds, trichloroethylene, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons has been suggested as risk factors for reproductive and developmental problem. In different countries and groups, there are differences in socioeconomic circumstances, consumer products, dietary habits, lifestyles, and so on, resulting in different exposure risks from these chemicals. This study investigated the correlation between their metabolite concentrations and socioeconomic, demographic, and dietary factors to explore the possible exposure source of the concerned pollutants in pregnant women. We conducted biological monitoring to assess the exposure of these chemicals using urine samples from 590 to 639 pregnant women during 2nd or 3rd trimester of pregnancy in six cities of China. Socioeconomic and demographic characteristics and dietary habits were collected from questionnaires. The detection rate was over 74% of the urine samples for all metabolites. Compared with the Fourth National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemical concentrations for females (FNRHEEC, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), the metabolite concentrations of benzene compounds and trichloroethylene, excluding MA reported here, were higher. Principal component analysis results showed that SBMA and MHA could be proxy of the principal sources of metabolites for benzene compounds. The concentrations of SBMA and MA were higher in Fuzhou and Wuhan, respectively. The concentration of DCVMA was higher in Shenzhen, Xi'an, and Nanning, and the concentration of PGA was higher in Fuzhou, Wuhan, and Xi'an. Also, the 1-OHPG concentration in Wuhan is higher than that in Fuzhou and Shenzhen. Unhealthy dietary habits, using cosmetics and indoor exposure, contacting chemical solvent during pregnancy were associated with increased benzene compounds, trichloroethylene, and PAH exposure. There were significant positive associations between 1-OHPG level and maternal BMI, low education status, and cooking without a range hood. Pregnant women in China may be at a greater risk of exposure to most of the target compounds than US females, and their exposure levels varied in different regions. Some adverse environmental and behavioral factors may increase the exposure of environmental toxins, which can urge people to take measures to reduce the health risk to pregnant women during pregnancy.