Abstract
BackgroundMany factors, such as heredity, ethnicity, nutrition and other lifestyle factors, have been related to bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. Additionally, bone mass has been significantly associated with decreased estrogen levels. However, fewstudies have been conducted on premenopausal women. The present study was designed to estimate the relationship between low bone mineral density and levels of serum estradiol and lifestyle factors in premenopausal Mexican women.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in 270 women between 40 and 48 years of age who participate in the Health Workers Cohort Study. Information on socio-demographic and lifestyle factors were obtained through a self-administered questionnaire. Body mass index and serum estradiol were measured with standard procedures; bone mineral density was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Multiple linear and logistic regression models were computed to evaluate the relationship between low bone mineral density and levels of serum estradiol and lifestyle factors.ResultsIn linear regression analysis levels of estradiol, body mass index, physical activity, and vitamin D intake were positively related to bone mineral density. Age, cigarette smoking and caffeine were inversely associated with BMD. Finally, the odds of low bone mineral density increase significantly when the premenopausal women had low levels of serum estradiol (OR = 4.93, 95 % CI: 2.14, 11.37).ConclusionThese data support that low serum estradiol, advancing age, lower physical activity, lower vitamin D intake, cigarette smoking, and higher amount of caffeine intake are linked to low bone mineral density in premenopausal Mexican women.
Highlights
Many factors, such as heredity, ethnicity, nutrition and other lifestyle factors, have been related to bone mineral density in postmenopausal women
The Health Workers Cohort Study (HWCS) include healthy members from health and academic institutions located in two cities of central Mexico: Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) and the Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP) and Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México (UAEMex)
Due to the nature of the study, only women working at the UAEMex were included, individuals with the following characteristics were excluded from the final analysis: females who work at IMSS, or at INSP (n = 4392); women under 40 years and over 48 years (n = 1439); subjects reporting current or past occurrence of any medical conditions recognized to influence bone metabolism (n = 26); and women who had been taking any medication that affects bone density, for example, glucocorticoids (n = 84)
Summary
Many factors, such as heredity, ethnicity, nutrition and other lifestyle factors, have been related to bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. The present study was designed to estimate the relationship between low bone mineral density and levels of serum estradiol and lifestyle factors in premenopausal Mexican women. Osteoporosis is a skeletal condition represented by low bone mineral density and the depreciation of the microarchitecture of the bone tissue [1]. While this disorder is common among the elderly, it is a problem among younger people. In Mexican women, it has been observed that after the age of 40 years bone mass decreases gradually [14], which could be associated with lowered estrogen production that happens several years prior to the start of the menopause. In women, levels of sex steroids are a significant component responsible for bone turnover and bone density [16], especially when estrogen production reduces and levels fall, accelerated bone loss ensues
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