Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are man-made chemicals manufactured for numerous applications. The aim of this study was to assess the levels of 10 PFASs in selected types of honey samples from selected eastern, northern and southern European countries. A total of 26 samples of honey were analyzed. PFCAs (perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids) were detected in almost all (92 %) analyzed samples in the range of 0.124–0.798 ng g−1 ww (wet weight). The average concentrations of particular PFCAs (ng g−1 ww) in honey samples increased in the following order: perfluorononanoic acid (0.164) < perfluorooctanoic acid (0.189) < perfluoroheptanoic acid (0.271) < perfluorodecanoic acid (0.278). Amongst perfluoroalkane sulfonates, only perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) was identified in four of 26 analyzed samples, and its concentrations ranged from 0.080 to 0.191 ng g−1 ww. Italian eucalyptus honey contained the highest total content of PFASs (0.878 ng g−1 ww). Samples originating from an industrial region of Poland showed 20 % higher concentrations of PFCAs compared to those from non-industrial regions.
Highlights
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are manmade chemicals manufactured for numerous applications
The average concentrations of particular perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) in honey samples increased in the following order: perfluorononanoic acid (0.164) \ perfluorooctanoic acid (0.189) \ perfluoroheptanoic acid (0.271) \ perfluorodecanoic acid (0.278)
Native (PFBA, perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluoroheptanoic amid (PFHpA), perfluorooctanoic acids (PFOAs), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorooctane sulfonates (PFOSs)) and labelled (LPFBA, L-PFHxA, L-PFOA, L-PFNA, L-PFDA, L-PFHxS, L-PFOS) PFAS solutions/mixtures were obtained from Wellington Laboratories (Guelph, ON, CA)
Summary
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are manmade chemicals manufactured for numerous applications. PFCAs (perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids) were detected in almost all (92 %) analyzed samples in the range of 0.124–0.798 ng g-1 ww (wet weight). Due to the strength of the C-F bond, they are highly chemically stable and highly resistant to biological degradation These compounds tend to persist in the environment and have been proposed as a new class of persistent organic pollutants (Stahl et al 2011). Honey is produced by honey bees from the nectar of blossoms or from the secretions of living parts of plants It is an inexpensive product available for novel therapies against bacterial infections (Huttunen et al 2012). To estimate the extent of their presence in food, in March 2010, Commission Recommendation 2010/161/EU invited the Member States to monitor the presence of perfluorooctane sulfonates (PFOSs) and perfluorooctanoic acids (PFOAs) (compounds similar to PFASs but with different chain lengths) and their precursors (EU Recommendation No 161, 2010)
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