Abstract
Diabetes Mellitus (D.M) has reached epidemic proportion and has become one of the most challenging health problems of the 21st century. Moreover, it is the 4th leading cause of death by disease globally, where every 10 seconds a person dies from diabetes-related causes. Obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and hypertension are associated with (T2DM) termed together as a metabolic syndrome. Mobilization of free fatty acids and secretion of certain inflammatory adipokines from adipose tissue promote insulin resistance in obese diabetics by interfere with insulin sensitivity, glucose and lipid metabolism. Chemerin, a specific adipokine, has an essential role in glucose and lipid metabolism. It plays a role in pathogenesis of obesity and T2DM also has important roles in energy metabolism, adipogenesis, and inflammation. Asymmetric dimethyl arginine (ADMA) consider a natural analogue of the essential amino acid arginine and a metabolic by-product obtained from processes of protein turnover of all human cells cytoplasm.
Highlights
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and the late development of vascular and neuropathic complications
These range from autoimmune destruction of the β-cells of the pancreas with consequent insulin deficiency to abnormalities that result in resistance to insulin action
It has been suggested that an adverse metabolic profile in patients with normal weight increases the risk of subsequent development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and other cardiovascular diseases (CVD) (Fuster et al, 2016)
Summary
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and the late development of vascular and neuropathic complications. Regardless of its cause, the disease is associated with a common hormonal defect— namely, insulin deficiency—that may be absolute or relative in the context of coexisting insulin resistance. This effect plays a primary role in the metabolic derangements linked to diabetes. Several pathogenic processes are involved in the development of diabetes These range from autoimmune destruction of the β-cells of the pancreas with consequent insulin deficiency to abnormalities that result in resistance to insulin action. Impairment of insulin secretion and defects in insulin action frequently coexist in the same patient, and it is often unclear which abnormality, if either alone, is the primary cause of the hyperglycemia. Life-threatening consequences of uncontrolled diabetes are hyperglycemia with ketoacidosis or the nonketotic hyperosmolar syndrome (Maletkovic and Drexler, 2013)
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