Levels of Cadmium in Human Mandibular Bone.

Andrew W Browar,Walter C Prozialeck,Landon L Leavitt,Joshua R Edwards

doi:10.3390/toxics7020031

Abstract

Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental toxicant that accumulates in bone and alters bone turnover and metabolism. Periodontal disease is characterized by tooth loss and tissue destruction, specifically, loss of supporting bone around the teeth. We have previously shown that Cd causes loss of dental alveolar (tooth supporting) bone in a rodent model of long-term Cd poisoning. The overall goal of this study was to determine the possible association between levels of Cd in alveolar bone and evidence of periodontal disease in human cadavers. The extent of Cd accumulation in human mandible samples was analyzed. Levels of Cd in mandibular alveolar bone were compared to those in basal bone as well as the renal cortex in samples obtained from the cadavers. Alveolar bone contained significantly higher levels of Cd when compared to basal bone (p < 0.01). Cd levels in mandibular bone were significantly higher in female compared to male cadavers (p < 0.05). The kidney cortex had greater than 15-fold higher Cd levels compared to mandible bone. Additional analyses showed a possible association between levels of Cd in basal bone and the presence of periodontal disease in cadavers from which the samples were obtained. This study shows that Cd accumulates to relatively high levels within alveolar bone as compared to basal bone in the mandible and thus may have a significant and direct effect in the progression of changes in bone associated with periodontal disease.

Highlights

Cadmium (Cd) is a well-known environmental pollutant that causes damage to a variety of organs, including kidneys, testes, liver, lung, and bone
Alveolar bone loss is a result of the progression of periodontal disease that eventually leads to tooth loss [9]
There was a large range in bone dry weight) as compared to basal bone samples (0.02 ± 0.01, p = 0.01) (Table 1)

Summary

Introduction

Cadmium (Cd) is a well-known environmental pollutant that causes damage to a variety of organs, including kidneys, testes, liver, lung, and bone. Cd exposure has long been known to be associated with the development of osteomalacia and osteoporosis (for a review, see [1]). There is evidence that Cd causes direct osteotoxicity in humans [7] and in animal models of Cd exposure (for a review, see [8]). Alveolar (tooth supporting) bone loss is a result of the progression of periodontal disease that eventually leads to tooth loss [9]. There is some evidence that Cd exposure is associated with periodontal disease. We have recently published a report showing that Cd causes loss of alveolar bone in a rodent model of long-term Cd poisoning [10]

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Conclusion