Abstract
Variations in proton relative biological effectiveness (RBE) with linear energy transfer (LET) remain one of the largest sources of uncertainty in proton radiotherapy. This work seeks to identify metrics which can be applied to mitigate these effects in treatment optimisation, and quantify their effectiveness. Three different metrics—dose, dose × LET and an LET-weighted dose defined as where is the dose-averaged LET—were compared with in vitro experimental studies of proton RBE and clinical treatment plans incorporating RBE models. In each system the biological effects of protons were plotted against these metrics to quantify the degree of variation introduced by unaccounted-for RBE uncertainties. As expected, the LET-dependence of RBE introduces significant variability in the biological effects of protons when plotted against dose alone. Plotting biological effects against dose × LET significantly over-estimated the impact of LET on cell survival, and typically produced even larger spreads in biological effect. LET-weighted dose was shown to have superior correlation to biological effect in both experimental data and clinical plans. For prostate and medulloblastoma treatment plans, the average RBE-associated variability in biological effect is ±5% of the prescribed dose, but is reduced to less than 1% using LET-weighting. While not a replacement for full RBE models, simplified metrics such as this LET-weighted dose can be used to account for the majority of variability which arises from the LET-dependence of RBE with reduced need for biological parameterisation. These metrics may be used to identify regions in normal tissues which may see unexpectedly high effects due to end-of-range elevations of RBE, or as part of a more general tool for biological optimisation in proton therapy.
Highlights
Proton radiotherapy offers significant dosimetric advantages over conventional photon-based therapy, as protons’ continuous energy loss gives them a well-defined range with greatest energy deposition at the end of their path
We evaluate dose, dose × linear energy transfer (LET) and a weighted average of these quantities to evaluate their performance in reducing relative biological effectiveness (RBE)-related variability as an alternative to ‘true’ RBE models
Plotting against dose alone ((a) and (d)) shows the well-established LET-dependence of proton RBE, with an average fit over-estimating cell killing at low LET and under-estimating cell killing at high LET
Summary
Proton radiotherapy offers significant dosimetric advantages over conventional photon-based therapy, as protons’ continuous energy loss gives them a well-defined range with greatest energy deposition at the end of their path. Protons bring new challenges in dosimetry and planning, as variations in particle range with tissue composition can lead to classes of uncertainty not seen in photon radiotherapy (Paganetti 2012, Mohan et al 2017). There are differences in biological effectiveness between photons and protons which are not typically incorporated in clinical planning. A constant RBE of 1.1 relative to photons is typically assumed, and plans are optimised based on physical dose alone (Paganetti 2014)
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