Abstract
The egg parasitoid Trissolcus japonicus is a natural enemy of Halyomorpha halys, a polyphagous invasive pest in Europe and North and South America. Integration of chemical and biological control tactics could facilitate effective and sustainable integrated pest management programs. This study was conducted to assess (i) the lethal effects of field rates, (ii) the sublethal effects of maximum and half field rates, and (iii) the lethal effects of different routes of exposure of three organic and two conventional insecticides against T. japonicus. Maximum field rates of spinosad and sulfoxaflor resulted in acute lethal toxicity to adult T. japonicus 1 week after residual contact exposure. Maximum and half field rates of pyrethrins, the mixture of azadirachtin and pyrethrins, and clothianidin caused sublethal effects to female wasps through residual contact exposure. Furthermore, all insecticides caused acute lethal effects 1 week after ingestion by unmated female wasps. Taken together, these results suggest that careful planning is necessary to ensure compatibility between biological and chemical control for H. halys. The insecticides evaluated in this study varied in toxicity to T. japonicus and should be used with caution to conserve this natural enemy for biological control of H. halys.
Highlights
The brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), became a major concern worldwide in the last two decades as a nuisance and agricultural pest because it aggregates and overwinters in human structures [1], and is a highly polyphagous insect that feeds on more than 200 host plants [2]
Survival was lowest for T. japonicus exposed to residues of the field rate of spinosad and intermediate for those exposed to the field rate of sulfoxaflor (Figure 1)
Survival of T. japonicus exposed to residues of the field rates of pyrethrins, azadirachtin + pyrethrins and clothianidin did not differ from that of the untreated control (Figure 1)
Summary
The brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), became a major concern worldwide in the last two decades as a nuisance and agricultural pest because it aggregates and overwinters in human structures [1], and is a highly polyphagous insect that feeds on more than 200 host plants [2] This insect originated in East Asia and it has invaded Europe, Oceania and North and South America, with the potential for continued spread [3,4,5]. Insecticide Toxicity to T. japonicus control agent of H. halys [9, 10] with parasitism rates up to 70% [8] Adventitious populations of this parasitoid have been reported occurring in eastern and western parts of the United States [9,10,11], with potential of further expanding its distribution within the country, including the upper Midwest [12, 13]. Studies are exploring T. japonicus as a candidate for classical and/or augmentative biological control of H. halys [7, 10, 13]
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