Abstract
Cognitive training and social engagement are two of the routes that potentially improve cognitive functions in older adults. The former targets specific functions so that an intervention can trigger the plasticity and efficiency of the underpinning neural systems, and the latter also provides an environment supportive of social and emotional needs. We investigated whether an integration of the two routes could enhance cognitive functions related to executive control, because no prior research has adopted a theory-driven approach to design a group-based cognitive training program for executive control. Forty-six healthy and active older adults living in community settings were randomly assigned to a group-based training program or a group-based active control program. Twenty-three volunteers in a community center were recruited for the waitlist control group. A battery of card games was designed for the cognitive training program based on three theoretical models of executive functions. A set of commercial board games were run in the active control program. Using untrained tests as the outcome measures, we found significant improvement on executive control in the cognitive training group compared with the active and waitlist control groups while the two control groups did not differ in performance. The cognitive training group did not outperform the two groups on a test of reasoning or on a test of delayed episodic memory. The results support the idea that cognitive training with social interaction can improve performance on untrained tests that share overlapping cognitive processes. Despite the inability to adapt to each person’s performance, integrating the two routes is beneficial for improving cognitive functions in older adults.
Highlights
Maintaining physical and mental health in an aging population is increasingly important for societies worldwide
Four measures related to executive control (RT of the selective attention test, accuracy of the selection test, backward digit span, and color trail-making test (CTMT)) were averaged as a composite score3
The simple main effect of test time showed that the cognitive training group significantly improved on executive control, F(1,66) = 28.57, p < 0.001, η2p = 0.30, the active control group showed a trend of improvement, F(1,66) = 3.61, p = 0.06, η2p = 0.05, and the waitlist group did not show any improvement (p = 0.84)
Summary
Maintaining physical and mental health in an aging population is increasingly important for societies worldwide. New learning, engagement, and cognitive training are four proposed channels to maintain brain functions potentially by enhancing neural activity (Reuter-Lorenz and Park, 2014) This contention is supported by studies that show the neural effects of exercise training (Erickson et al, 2011; Jonasson et al, 2017), dance (Burzynska et al, 2017), new learning (McDonough et al, 2015), social engagement (Carlson et al, 2009, 2015), and cognitive training (Strenziok et al, 2014; Kim, 2015; Beauchamp et al, 2016; Cao et al, 2016; Jiang et al, 2016; Thompson et al, 2016; Heinzel et al, 2017; Küper et al, 2017; Motes et al, 2018)
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