Abstract
Organic semiconductors have become essential parts of thin-film electronic devices, particularly as hole transport layers in perovskite solar cells where they represent one of the major bottlenecks to further enhancements in stability and efficiency.
Highlights
In current times of rapid population and economic growth, global energy demand is expected to double by 2050.1 At the same time, the escalating impacts of global warming on both Review2010–2018, the world is still producing over 70% of electricity by burning fossil fuels.[3]
Whilst this review focuses on applications of spiro-OMeTAD and PTAA as Hole transport layers (HTLs) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs), most of the properties discussed remain relevant for other electronic devices in which spiro-OMeTAD and PTAA are used as organic semiconductors
Kim et al showed that perovskite, spiro-OMeTAD and PTAA thin films are stable in isolation under thermal stressing and only degrade when interfaced,[144] suggesting that efficiency degradation can be mainly ascribed to deterioration of the perovskite/HTL interface as well as degradation reactions stemming from contact of the perovskite with the HTL.[111,127]
Summary
In current times of rapid population and economic growth, global energy demand is expected to double by 2050.1 At the same time, the escalating impacts of global warming on both. Despite extensive attempts to develop more efficient and/or stable alternative HTL materials,[45,46,47] spiro-OMeTAD and PTAA remain the most popular HTLs for high-efficiency n–i–p PSCs (Fig. 1d).[48] This review provides an in-depth analysis and critical comparison of the development, key electronic and morphological properties, conventional and alternative doping schemes and mechanisms, and degradation pathways of both spiro-OMeTAD and PTAA This knowledge is highly applicable to device fabrication and explains the root of various HTL-related device failures. Whilst this review focuses on applications of spiro-OMeTAD and PTAA as HTLs in PSCs, most of the properties discussed remain relevant for other electronic devices in which spiro-OMeTAD and PTAA are used as organic semiconductors They are popular as HTLs in perovskite light emitting diodes (LED),[49,50] organic LEDs,[51] and dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC),[52] in which familiarity with the energetics, conductivity, doping, and stability of these materials remains important. Understanding the doping strategies, morphological and molecular adjustments that can be used to optimize device performance is essential for the development of the generation of HTLs
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