Lesions of the rotator cuff and biceps tendon

Abstract

The rotator cuff is acomplex anatomical structure and the integrity is pivotal for the shoulder functionality. The pathologies are often multifactorial, resulting from degenerative, vascular, traumatic and mechanical factors. Radiography, ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) form the pillars of radiological diagnostics. Each modality has specific advantages and limitations in the visualization and assessment of pathologies of the rotator cuff and biceps tendon. The MR arthrography offers additional insights in unclear cases by enhancing the differentiation between complete and partial tears. The MRI provides detailed information on tendon quality and associated damages, such as muscle atrophy and fat infiltration, making it the preferred method. The use of MR arthrography can identify defects through increased intra-articular pressure or contrast medium leakage. Muscle damage, as induced by edema in acute injuries or fatty degeneration in chronic conditions, can be evaluated using imaging techniques. Special attention is warranted for the infraspinatus, subscapularis and teres minor muscles due to their unique injury patterns and prevalences.