Abstract
Since the appearance of multi-antibiotic resistance phenotypes, observed in bacteria, many laboratories have been interested in the mechanisms responsible. Although enzymes and/or target mutations could explain some of these resistances, they could not account for multi-Resistance. In the 1980s, researchers identified more pleiotropic mechanisms, capable of reporting complex phenotypes, often allowing bacteria to resist multiple molecules, including detergents, antiseptics and antibiotics. These mechanisms lead to the release of these molecules to the external environment, thus ensuring a low level of intracellular concentration, below the efficacy threshold. The term "Efflux Pumps" has been proposed to describe these mechanisms. Since then it has been shown that the majority of the genes encoding these pumps are located on the bacterial chromosome and highly conserved, and that their effectiveness depends on complex regulatory mechanisms that allow microorganisms to adapt quickly to treatments.
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