Les glycosyltransférases chondrocytaires : nouvelles cibles pharmacologiquespour les atteintes dégénératives du cartilage articulaire ?

Abstract

Arthritis, osteoarthritis and other degenerative diseases characterized by cartilage deterioration are the most prevalent chronic human health disorders. Despite their major socioeconomic impact there is still no satisfactory treatment. Their frequency is increasing with the lengthening of life expectancy, creating a major public health challenge for coming years. It is important to diagnose such diseases at an early stage and to develop new effective therapies. We are attempting to develop new therapeutic approaches in this context, keeping in mind that cartilage is one of the few human tissues which is unable to regenerate. We intend to identify and characterize key proteins involved in the biosynthesis of cartilage matrix components. One innovative strategy consists of gene transfer, triggering overexpression of native or recombinant factors that can stimulate chondrocyte anabolic activity in order to promote cartilage repair The loss of matrix components, and especially glycosaminoglycans (GAG), is the earliest event in cartilage degeneration. We therefore looked at glycosyltransferases, and especially galactose beta1,3-glucuronosyltransferase-I (GlcAT-1), which catalyses one of the first steps in GAG biosynthesis. We found that any variation in GlcAT-I activity in chondrocytes or cartilage explants (overexpression, or repression with antisense RNA) affected the GAG content of cartilage. Interestingly, overexpression of this enzyme completely counteracted the GAG depletion produced by the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 1-beta. The neosynthesized GAG was qualitatively identical to that present in the original cartilage matrix. These results are encouraging for therapeutic approaches based on gene transfer We also investigated the structure-function relationship of human recombinant GlcAT-I upon expression in the methyltrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. This allowed us to determine the molecular basis of the recognition of the donor and acceptor substrates of the enzyme. This multidisciplinary research, based on genetic and protein engineering, molecular modelling and glycochemistry will lay the groundwork for designing original glycomimetics able to stimulate GAG synthesis.