Abstract
Numerous static hemodynamic criteria are used to measure cardiac preload and predict the efficacy of blood volume expansion (VE): right and left filling pressures (central venous and pulmonary wedge pressure), ventricular end-diastolic volume and areas, total blood or intra-thoracic volume, ejection time indexes as measured by esophageal doppler ultrasound. Due to different technical and physiological limitations, these static criteria are not good predictors of the response to VE.
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