Les ambiances au sein des equipements touristiques de la ville coloniale de Biskra (Est Algerien)

The industry of intangible cultural heritage (ICH) tourism continues to grow, and social media can serve as an essential tool to promote this trend. Although ICH tourism development is outstanding in China, the language structure and restricted use of social media render ICH difficult for non-Chinese speakers to understand. Using content analysis, this study investigates the structure and relationships among cognitive elements of ICH tourism based on 9074 blogs posted between 2011 and 2020 on Weibo.com, one of the most popular social media platforms in China. The main analysis process consisted of matrix construction, dimension classification, and semantic network analysis. Findings indicated that the cognitive image of ICH tourism on social media can be divided into seven dimensions: institutions, ICH and inheritors, tourism products, traditional festivals and seasons, tourism facilities and services, visitors, and regions. This network vividly illustrates ICH tourism and depicts the roles of organizers, residents, inheritors, and tourists. Among these elements, institutions hold the greatest power to regulate and control ICH tourism activities, and folklore appears to be the most common type of ICH resource that can be developed into tourism activities. Practically, the results offer insight for policymakers regarding ways to better balance the relationships among heritage protection, the business economy, and people’s well-being. Such strategies can promote the industrialization of ICH tourism. In addition, through content analysis, this paper confirms the effectiveness of social media in providing a richer understanding of ICH tourism.

This study investigates how storytelling serves as an indispensable tool for tour guides in improving the whole experience of tourists, through the examination of the role that intangible cultural heritage pays.The researchers used a random sampling approach, and surveyed 432 tourists in the city of Luxor, Egypt.Out of these, 389 responses were found to be valid.The data collected was thoroughly analyzed using Smart-PLS v.22.The results obviously highlight that successful storytelling includes main elements such as, for example, engaging plot structure, fascinating delivery, an excellent awareness of the audience, robust creativity, and powerful messaging, remarkably enhances the tourist experience.Besides, the valuable intangible cultural heritage of Luxor significantly enriches the narratives presented by guides, strengthening the positive aspects of their storytelling.Luxor is distinguished with its various cultural heritage, apparent in traditions such as the annual moulid of Sheikh Aboul-Haggag, the martial art of tahtib, and diverse traditional crafts, offers rich content to the tour guides to offer tourists more engaging and genuine experiences.To sum up, the study underlines the significant that intangible cultural heritage plays in improving the positive association between storytelling practiced by tour guides and satisfaction of tourists.Thus, it highlights that tour guides should constantly refine their storytelling skills and dynamically use the various aspects of cultural heritage into their narratives to ensure the tourist engagement and enhance the whole quality of the tourist experience.

Pashtun resistance to state authority has been interpreted in light of stereotypical colonial theories in colonial and post-colonial periods. Pashtuns were presented as marshals and wild people who resisted every kind of state authority in the colonial era. Perceptions about Pashtun’s resistance to state authority based on politically motivated stereotypes resonate in the British colonial regime. This study focuses on the stereotypes and myths associated with Pashtun's resistance to state authority in the colonial period and its effect on them in post-colonial periods. The British colonial regime faced resistance in the Pashtun indigenous society (now known as emerged districts). The findings of this study reveal that the Pashtun resistance to state authority is not part of their culture. Pashtun were against the exploitative policies of the British and it was genuine resistance. It reveals that their resistance was labelled as a normative part of their culture to legitimize the oppressive policies in this region. Moreover, in the post-colonial period, Pakistan also applied the same tactics and labelled genuine resistance as part of their culture. Stereotypes associated with Pashtun's resistance to the state should be deconstructed. References Akhtar, A. S. (2022). The checkpost state in Pakistan’s War of Terror: Centres, peripheries, and the politics of the universal. Antipode, 54(5), 1365-1385. Ali, H. & Zhibin, H. (2021). A Comparative Analysis of Mahsud and Afridi Tribe Resistance Movement Against the British 1849-1897. European Journal of Humanities and Educational Advancements, 2(9), 34-41 Arbab, S. (2019). The ecstasy and anarchy of nonviolence: The Khudai Khidmatgar resistance in the north-west frontier of British India. University of California, Los Angeles. Asif, D. M. (2024). THE COMPLEXITIES OF BIOTERRORISM: CHALLENGES AND CONSIDERATIONS. International Journal of Contemporary Issues in Social Sciences, 3(3), 2175–2184. Retrieved from https://ijciss.org/index.php/ijciss/article/view/1391 Bala, S. (2013). Waging Nonviolence: Reflections on the history writing of the Pashtun nonviolent movement Khudai Khidmatgar. Peace & Change, 38(2), 131-154. Bangash, S. (2015). Tribal Belt and the Defence of British India: A Critical Appraisal of British Strategy in the North-West Frontier during the First World War. Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society, 2, 63. Bansode, R. (2020). Book Review: Ground Down by Growth: Tribe, Caste, Class, and Inequality in Twenty-First-Century India. Sociological Research Online, 25(1), 154-155. https://doi.org/10.1177/1360780419830099. BATY, E. (1980). British policy and the Pashtun experience before the South Asian partition. Britis Undergraduate History, 21(2), 1. Borthakur, A. (202). The Pashtun Trajectory: From the Colonially Constructed Notion on ‘Violent’Pashtun Tribe to ‘Non Violent’Pashtun Tahafuz Movement. Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, 15(3), 360-378. https://doi.org/10.1080/25765949.2021.1992584 Caroe, O. (1960). The Pathans. Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, 108(5052), 920-939. Cherniak, K. (2021). Sociology from the Global South and the Global North: Systematising characteristics and relations. Соціологічні студії, (1 (18)). Epstein, C. (2014). The postcolonial perspective: an introduction. International Theory, 6(2), 294-311 Eswarappa, K. (2024). The complexity of the “Tribal” question in India: The case of the particularly vulnerable tribal groups. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 59(3), 858-875. Green, N. (2016). Afghanistan’s Islam: from conversion to the Taliban (p. 354). University of California Press. Gregory, D. (2004). The Colonial Present: Afghanistan. Palestine. Iraq. John Wiley & Sons. Hakur, M. K. (2013). Book Review: Writing India: Colonial Ethnography in the Nineteenth Century. Sociological Research Online, 18(2), 225-226. https://doi.org/10.1177/136078041301800203 Hanifi, S.M. (2016). The Pashtun counter-narrative. Middle East Critique, 25(4), 385-400. Haroon, S., & Green, N. (2017). Competing views of Pashtun Tribalism, Islam, and society in the Indo-Afghan borderlands. Afghanistan’s Islam: From Conversion to the Taliban. Oakland: University of California Press. doi, 10, 9780520967373-014. Hussain, I., Xingang, W., & Fatima, A. (2022). British Colonial Imperialism and Pashtun Resistance Jamil Hanifi, M. (2011). Review Essay: Vending distorted Afghanistan through patriotic ‘anthropology’. Critique of Anthropology, 31(3), 256-270. Khan, A. (2020). The British Colonial Policies in the North West Frontier of India: 1849-1901. FWU Journal of Social Sciences, 14(2), 164-179. Khan, I., Israr, M., & Khan, Z. (2019). Pakhtun radicalization in fata: A qualitative approach for their effective integration in Pakistan. JL & Soc'y, 50, 73. Khan, U., Cheng, Y., Shah, Z.A., Ullah, S., & Jianfu, M. (2021). Reclaiming Pashtun Identity: The role of informal spaces in developing an alternative narrative. Interventions, 23(8), 1166-1186. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369801X.2020.1845769 Khan, U., Cheng, Y., Shah, Z. A., & Ullah, S. (2020). Resistance in disguise and the re-construction of identity: a case of the Pashtuns in Pakistan. Inter-Asia Cultural Studies, 21(3), 374-391. Kharroubi, L. (2022). To What Extent Did The Anti-Colonial Struggle Impact Pashtuns Leading Up to South Asia’s Parti-tion?. Historia Nova, 12. Kiwanuka, M. S. (2018). Colonial policies and administrations in Africa: The myths of the contrasts. In The colonial epoch in Africa (pp. 1-22). Routledge. Leonard, Z. (2016). Colonial Ethnography on India's North-West Frontier, 1850–1910. The Historical Journal, 59(1), 175-196. Lundberg, C.E. (2016). From Defeat to Glory: The First Anglo-Afghan War and the Lindholm, C., 1980. Images of the Pathan: The usefulness of colonial ethnography. European Journal of Sociology/Archives Européennes de Sociologie, 21(2), 350-361. Mahmud, T. (2010). Colonial Cartographies, Postcolonial Borders, and Enduring Failures of International Law: The Unending War along the Afghanistan-Pakistan Frontier. Brooklyn Journal of International Law, 20(1), 10-11. Manderson, D. (2012). The Law of the Image and the Image of the Law: Colonial Representations of the Rule of Law. NYL Sch. L. Rev., 57, p.153. Mir, N.A. (2018). Pashtun nationalism in search of political space and the state in Pakistan. Strategic Analysis, 42(4), 443-450. Mische, A. (2011). Relational sociology, culture, and agency. The Sage handbook of social network analysis, 80-97. Nimesh, A. (2022). The Idea of Self-Governance and Tribal Revolts in Colonial Period. In Tribe, Space and Mobilisation: Colonial Dynamics and Post-Colonial Dilemma in Tribal Studies (pp. 133-150). Singapore: Springer Singapore. Pant, S. (2018). The Frontier Crimes Regulation in Colonial India: Local Critiques and Persistent Effects. South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies, 41(4), pp.789-805 Pathmavathy, M. B. (2024). EXPLORING THE NEGLECTED NARRATIVES OF TRIBAL RESISTANCE MOVEMENTS AGAINST COLONIALISM IN INDIA. Journal of Digital Economy, 3(1), 424-431. Reynolds, J. (2016). Empire, emergency and the law. International Community Law Review, 3(3), pp.4-6. Saeed, S., Shah, R. and ul ain Jafeer, Q. (2020). Colonial Literary Sources and the Image of Pashtuns: A Historical Analysis. Journal of Asian Civilizations, 43(2), 201-213. Saikal, A. (2010). Afghanistan and Pakistan: The Question of Pashtun Nationalism?. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 30(1), pp.5-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602001003650572 Siddique, A. (2014). The Pashtun question: The unresolved key to the future of Pakistan and Afghanistan. Hurst & Company. Sohail, M., Ahmad, S. M., & Inamullah, H. M. (2014). The Educational Services and Philosophy of Bacha Khan. J. Appl. Environ. Biol. Sci, 4(7S), 157-165. Sōkefeld, M. (2005). From colonialism to postcolonial colonialism: changing modes of domination in the Northern areas of Pakistan. The Journal of Asian Studies, 64(4), 939-973. Tripodi, C. (2016). Edge of empire: The British political officer and tribal administration on the north-west frontier 1877–1947. Routledge. Ullah, A., Hayat, R. and Khan, F.U. (2021). Khudai Khidmatgars’ Resistance against Colonial Rule and its Search for Affiliation. Pakistan Languages and Humanities Review, 5(2), 661-672. Vázquez, R. (2009). Modernity coloniality and visibility: The politics of the time. Sociological Research Online, 14(4), 109-115. https://doi.org/10.5153/sro.1990 Verghese, A. (2016). British rule and tribal revolts in India: The curious case of Bastar. Modern Asian Studies, 50(5), 1619-1644. Wagner, K.A. (2013). Edge of Empire. The British Political Officer and Tribal Administration on the North-West Frontier 1877–1947. By Christian Tripodi. White, J.T. (2008). The shape of frontier rule: Governance and transition, from the Raj to the modern Pakistani frontier. Asian Security, 4(3), 219-243. Williams, S. and Law, I. (2012). Legitimising racism: An exploration of the challenges posed by the use of indigeneity discourses by the far right. Sociological Research Online, 17(2), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.5153/sro.2554 Yousaf, F. (2019). Pakistan’s “tribal” Pashtuns, their “violent” representation, and the Pashtun Tahafuz movement. Sage Open, 9(1), 2158244019829546. Yousaf, F. (2021). The ‘savage’Pathan (Pashtun) and the postcolonial burden. Critical Studies on Security, 9(1), 3. Yousaf, F. and Wakhu, S. (2020). Security in the ‘Periphery’of post-colonial states: analyzing Pakistan’s ‘tribal’Pashtuns and Kenyan-Somalis. Social Identities, 26(4), 515-532 https://doi.org/10.1080/13504630.2020.1776599

Background and Aim: In today’s globalized world, preserving Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) is critical for maintaining cultural diversity and heritage. This study examines the luxuryization of Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) through the lens of cultural capital theory, with a focus on how luxury brands, such as Chanel and Lalique, integrate traditional crafts into their business models. This research specifically seeks to evaluate whether luxury brands effectively support and sustain ICH while assessing potential risks, including cultural commodification. The aim is to assess whether economic capital derived from luxury goods can effectively sustain and protect cultural heritage, benefiting both ICH and brand prestige. Materials and Methods: A qualitative case study approach, combined with content analysis, was used to explore the roles of economic, cultural, and social capital in preserving ICH. The selection of Chanel and Lalique as cases was based on their unique integration of ICH into their luxury products, providing distinct perspectives on cultural preservation. Bourdieu's cultural capital theory was applied to analyze how these luxury brands transform ICH into economic and social value while retaining cultural authenticity. Results: Chanel and Lalique offer contrasting approaches to ICH preservation. Chanel’s substantial investment in traditional crafts is presented as a successful model, demonstrating how luxury brands can sustain ICH practices financially. Conversely, Lalique’s focus on high-end consumable products highlights limitations in maintaining cultural integrity within commercial contexts. Findings suggest that the luxury sector can provide significant support for ICH, but commercialization risks diluting cultural integrity. Conclusion: In conclusion, luxuryization presents both opportunities and challenges for ICH preservation. Although luxury brands contribute financially to cultural preservation, potential risks include cultural commodification and dependency on market trends. Balancing cultural integrity with economic capital, this study suggests, is essential for sustainable ICH protection, with implications for policy strategies and brand practices in cultural preservation.

Concrete is the most popular material in construction industry. Recycling of waste and their application in the construction industry are the main purpose in the world economy. The concrete working in dry and hot climate are exposed to high temperatures in the summer. The temperature can increase up to 50 °C while the relative humidity drops to 10-15% and lower. Climatic conditions lead to decrease the performance properties (strength and modulus of elasticity). The basic tasks of region with dry and hot climate are improve resistance and efficiency of concrete. An extreme daily change in temperature, low humidity, soil salinity are the main cause of erosion of concrete. One of the way of optimizing of cracking resistance of the concrete is to increase the amount of cementitious components. The dependencies of experiment with similar climatic conditions based on sulfate resistant cement were conducted. The results of experiment show that the optimal content of materials in concrete included 530 kg of cement; 833 kg of quartz sand; 873 kg of coarse aggregate; 1.5 liters of plasticizer and 176 liters of water. The designed mixture had the following characteristics: the density 2414 kg/m3, the compressive strength in 28-day at the range of 47 MPa, water permeability - W4, with water cement ratio equal to 0.34.

Authentic experiences of intangible cultural heritage (ICH) are popular as tourist attractions, particularly in developing countries. However, how the authenticity of ICH is conceptualized in the context of tourism and how ICH relates to community empowerment is unexplored in recent literature. This study aims to investigate how hosts and guests (in this case domestic tourists) at a traditional cultural festival perceived the role of ICH in community empowerment. The study also sought to identify the factors influencing how hosts and guests perceive the authenticity of ICH, and how the effect of mutual (host-guest) authentication of ICH can build on community empowerment. A qualitative case study approach was utilised to understand host and guest perceptions and experiences of the traditional Rush Mela Festival (as an example of ICH) in the Sundarbans forest region, specifically at the sites of Dublar Char (inside the forest) and Chila (on the periphery of the forest), in Bangladesh. The study was based on a conceptual model for understanding mutual (host-guest) authentication of ICH and its relationship to community empowerment. This model was developed based on prior literature. The study revealed that the major elements of the Rush Mela Festival comprised of religious rituals, cultural programmes, economic activities, tourism, and community institutions. The majority of hosts and guests perceived that these elements play an important role in four dimensions of community empowerment (psychological, economic, social and political). However, there was some variation in the perceptions depending on the locality of the festival (i.e., Dublar Char or Chila) and the tourism opportunities available. The study found that factors such as the hosts’ attitudes, motivations, economic benefits, emotional benefits, individual participation, and institutional involvement influenced their perceptions of authenticity (both objective and existential) of the Rush Mela Festival. Also, the study found that factors such as guests’ attitudes, motivations, authenticity of objects, and authentic experiences also play a significant role in building guests’ perceptions of authenticity of the Rush Mela Festival. Despite some differences, most of the hosts and guests have perceived that some of the objects (e.g. the statues of the God and Goddess, the temple, the dried fish and local foods (sweets)) and experiences (e.g. worship ceremony, the holy bath, cultural programmes, and meeting family and friends) during the Rush Mela Festival were authentic, and these support the objective and existential authenticity of the festival. Mutual authentication of the festival has led to host support and guest loyalty towards Rush Mela tourism. Few hosts were concerned about excessive tourism and commodification of cultural practices, whereas some guests were not satisfied as they expected improved tourist facilities and more authentic local products. Moreover, the research also suggests that the mutual authentication of the festival and support for tourism have ultimately influenced the community’s psychological empowerment (i.e. strengthens spiritual belief), economic empowerment (i.e. increasing economic benefits), social empowerment (i.e. increasing social cohesion and consensus for preserving cultural tradition and natural resources), and political empowerment (i.e. development of community institutions). Finally, the study suggests that empowerment of the community could influence host and guest factors for authenticating the Rush Mela Festival and increasing loyalty and support for tourism, which could contribute to the development of sustainable ICH tourism. Further research should be carried out to test and validate the conceptual mutual (host-guest) authentication model in various ICH-based tourism contexts. Also, further study could explore the potential for a community-based ICH tourism programme that can facilitate the preservation of authenticity of ICH and enhance community empowerment.

The Mid‐Cretaceous was characterized by long‐term and stabilized high temperatures confirmed by numerous palaeoclimatic information from marine sedimentary archives. However, few terrestrial records have yet been employed to verify the terrestrial humidity under this long‐term hot climate. The Liupanshan Basin, located in central China during the Cretaceous contains thick Aptian‐Albian sediments. Here, we reconstructed a long‐term palaeovegetational record during late Aptian to Albian from the Huoshizhai Section and Sikouzi Section, Liupanshan Basin. Five palynological assemblages were defined from the bottom to top of these strata, and a total of 124 types of palynomorphs including 47 spore species and 77 gymnosperm pollen species were recognized in the palynological assemblages. Sporopollen analysis revealed that the spore‐pollen spectra of Huoshizhai Section were dominated byPerinopollenitesand Bisaccate pollen. In Sikouzi section, theClassopolliscontent dominate in all samples (average 63.8%), with a few other pollen, including conifer bisaccates types,Perinopollenites,Jiaohepollis,Ephedripites,Cycadopitesand a few spores. The sporopollen assemblage reflected that the flora of the central Asia continent gradually changed from Taxodiacean‐dominated to Cheirolepidiaceae‐dominated in the late Aptian and the Albian, which further indicates that the central Asia continent palaeoclimate gradually changed from a wet and cold climate to a long‐term dry and hot climate with small fluctuation. In addition, theClassopolliscontent also presented a slightly increased trend from late Aptian to late Albian, which probably indicated a gradually intensified hot and dry climate. The thermophilic floral changes and warmer/cooler ratio of the Sporomorph Ecogroup Model at the middle Madonghshan Formation also shows slightly decreased trends which correspond to the global short‐term cooling events at the Aptian‐Albian transition.

Kore, coğrafi konumu nedeniyle Kore Savaşı (1950-1953)’nın gerçekleştiği yıllara kadar çevresindeki yakın ülkelerin sömürgeciliğe varan saldırılarına maruz kalmıştır. Sömürge altında yaşadığı dönemlerde toprağını sömüren ülkenin kültürlerini hatta yaşam biçimlerini kabul etmek zorunda kalmıştır. Örneğin Çin’in etkisi altında kaldığı dönemlerde (M.Ö 109) Kore yarımadası, Çin’in dinini, dilini hatta siyasi düzenini bile benimseyerek yaşamıştır. Yakın tarihte Japon sömürgesi (1910-1945) altında yaşamış olan Kore, bu dönemde Japonya’nın çeşitli baskılarına maruz kalmıştır. Japonya’nın uyguladığı baskılarda amaç Kore halkının, kendi kültürüne karşı yabancılaşması ve Japon kültürünü yaygınlaştırmaktır. Bu nedenle Kore, sömürge dönemlerinde kendi geleneksel kültürlerinin değişime uğrayacağını düşünerek geleneksel soyut kültürlerini korumaya çalışmıştır. Bu amaçla çeşitli kurumların ve eğitim merkezlerinin açılmasına destek vermiştir. Güney Kore Hükümeti, 2005 yılında UNESCO’nun Somut Olmayan Kültürel Miraslar sözleşmesini imzalayarak soyut kültürel varlıklarının yerel ve uluslararası düzeyde bilirliğini arttırmayı amaçlamıştır. Bu makale çalışmasında, Güney Kore Hükümeti’nin somut olmayan kültürel miraslarını korumak için kurduğu kurumlar, her yıl düzenli olarak gerçekleştirdiği festivaller ve programlar ele alınmıştır. Böylelikle Güney Kore Hükümetinin geleneksel somut olmayan kültürlerini nasıl korudukları hakkında genel bir araştırma yapılmıştır.

Purpose: This research aims to improve our understanding of the development of intangible cultural heritage with the goal of promoting cultural tourism along with sustainable innovations that prioritize sustainable and environmentally conscious locations. This will be done by using brand awareness to develop sustainable innovations for cultural tourism through intangible cultural heritage. Theoretical Framework: The study of sustainable innovations in cultural tourism through intangible cultural heritage focuses on raising awareness and promoting green tourism towards knowledge cybernetics (KC). This is done in order to promote tourism culture by raising brand awareness through intangible cultural heritage for sustainable innovations that draw some identities from intangible cultural heritages. Method: Philosophy, ontological, and epistemological stances, the interpretative approach, a case study methodology, the research design specification, the ethics of human research, and the rationale for the qualitative research methodology employed in this study are all highlighted in the study. As a case study methodology, an interpretive approach was used. The qualitative perspective and the triangulation method were supported by both documentation analysis and non-participation observation. Critical analyses, thematic coding, and content analysis were used to examine the data. Results and Discussion: According to the results, brand awareness plays a significant role in developing sustainable innovations towards intangible cultural heritages for cultural tourism, which in turn encourages and stimulates travelers to pay attention to a place and be inclined to return. Additionally, it should assist travel destinations in consistently receiving viral marketing and a range of word-of-mouth referrals. Research Implications: This practical study uses 4 countries—China, Myanmar, Thailand, and Australia—as the case studies to illustrate the importance of building brand awareness towards intangible cultural heritages for sustainable innovations to promote cultural tourism. It should demonstrate their importance to community development, local and national economics, the preservation and propagation of intangible culture, and the establishment of long-term jobs and revenue streams for the local population.

The main purpose of this research is to investigate tourism employment conditions and drawbacks in tourist facilities and attraction sites of Gondar city. To achieve these objectives, we use qualitative and quantitative case study methods. For questionnaire data gathering instruments we used purposive and stratified sampling techniques. Therefore, hotel employees and tour guides have participated and the collected data was analyzed by descriptive statistics. The quantitative data was collected from hotel employees and tour guide association employees and analyzed through descriptive account of the data and thematic descriptive approach utilizes a theme summary data. The major findings of the study indicate that the major problem of tourism employment is poorness of hotel sector salary, temporary of the hotel sector work, reject women applicants who are over a certain age, seasonality of tour guiding income, unfair payment, lack of strong licensing procedure, little concern from different tourism stakeholders regarding tourism employment, limited career development opportunity and lack of protection for job related diseases and injury’s. Finally, based on the results of the study, collaborative work of stakeholders, fair payment, establishing rule and regulation were some of the recommendations given. Keywords: Employment, Challenge, Tourism, Drawbacks, Employment DOI: 10.7176/JTHS/62-03 Publication date: November 30 th 2022

Language proficiency and multilingualism play an important role in the tourism industry in order for people to market their product of tourism and for international tourists to communicate during their exploration within a certain destination. Moreover, policies regarding tour guides’ self-development, including one related to multilingualism, are also inevitably important so that tour guides have clear rules and regulation as well as a legal basis for their self-development. The aim of this study is to analyze the policy and condition of multilingualism among tour guides in the city of Bandung, Indonesia. This qualitative study collected the data through documents of policies in relation to tour guides and relevant references from previous studies. The collected data were then analyzed using descriptive and content analyses. It has been found that Bandung, the capital city of West Java province, Indonesia, does not have any legal document concerning tour guides, let alone their self-development, including language training. In the meantime, other provinces, such as Bali, Central Java, and East Java, had a policy on that. What West Java province has had is a policy regarding the standardized services and principles of tourism in West Java preserving the noble values of Sundanese culture. Therefore, it is recommended that the local government of Bandung and West Java start discussing the making of policy concerning tour guides, including their language development, either two languages (bilingual) or more than two languages (multilingual).

ABSTRACTAs tourism based on intangible cultural heritage usually encompasses a knowledge transfer process, the authenticity of the heritage (or its perception) can be affected by knowledge transfer. These knowledge transfers occur to present the heritage to the tourists (courses, tour guiding, etc.), but also in the destination itself when the heritage knowledge is codified in museums, tour guides are trained, or the heritage is transferred to newer generations. These situations present potential challenges where authenticity is distorted or even lost, and it affects the competitiveness of the destination. The work attempts to analyse those knowledge transfers and their challenges regarding authenticity to sustain the competitiveness of the destination.

This article focuses on the legal and technical challenges of protecting intangible cultural heritage in Nigeria. Over time, Nigeria and its population have focused heavily on the petroleum industry as the primary source of the country’s economic sustainability, ignoring other viable economic sectors such as heritage preservation, protection, and management for sustainable tourism. This is because the country’s heritage legislation has been severely eroded and rendered ineffectual in protecting Nigeria’s heritage resources, in particular its intangible cultural heritage. Various stakeholders have expressed concern about the need to maintain and protect cultural assets all around the world. This has thus led to the promulgation of laws governing their protection. These regulations, however, did not begin in Nigeria until the colonial period, when the necessity to acquire and conserve heritage objects became recognized. Therefore, this article uses an exploratory research design with key informant interview methodologies as a data-gathering instrument. As a result, it demonstrates that numerous intangible cultural heritage resources in Nigeria are negatively impacted by political and societal instability, the increasing demand for antiquities and artworks, and socioeconomic challenges, amongst other human-induced factors. The existing heritage law in Nigeria, Decree No. 77 of 1979, is insufficient in terms of currency, enforcement, and efficiency, rendering its provisions ineffective.

Cultural heritage plays a pivotal role in sustainable tourism by fostering socio-economic development and enhancing community resilience. However, within the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, its role remains peripheral, explicitly referenced only in Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11, which emphasizes the protection and preservation of global cultural and natural heritage. Cimande Village in Indonesia, is renowned for its rich Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH), including UNESCOrecognized Pencak Silat, traditional bone-setting practices, and religious rituals. Despite its cultural significance, the integration of ICH into sustainable tourism frameworks presents considerable challenges, necessitating strategic approaches that benefit both local communities and visitors. This study aims to identify the key elements of Cimande’s ICH and explore expert recommendations for its sustainable revitalization within the tourism sector. Employing an interpretivist paradigm and a single-case study methodology, this qualitative research integrates literature reviews, observations, surveys, and in-depth interviews conducted between October 2023 and May 2024. The study involved 11 tourism scholars from three universities who met the criterion of having visited Cimande Tourism Village at least three times, along with four tourism practitioners with over a decade of professional experience. The survey utilized open-ended questions administered via Google Forms, with follow-up clarifications and additional inquiries conducted via WhatsApp to ensure response accuracy and completeness. In-depth interviews were conducted telephonically at the request of informants due to scheduling constraints. Data were analyzed using NVivo 12 Plus through thematic and content analysis. This study ensured research credibility through member checking and data triangulation. The findings indicate that the sustainable revitalization of Cimande’s ICH requires a multidimensional approach encompassing innovative cultural tourism concepts, immersive cultural tourism experiences, and the development of tangible cultural products. These strategies integrate cultural, social, economic, and environmental sustainability dimensions, ensuring long-term benefits for both the local community and the tourism industry. This study contributes to theoretical discussions on ICH preservation within sustainable tourism frameworks and offers practical recommendations for tourism developers and policymakers with significant intangible cultural assets. Future research should incorporate comparative case studies and diverse stakeholder perspectives to refine strategies for ICH revitalization.

Bio-Facades; An Innovative Design Solution Towards Sustainable Architecture in Hot Arid Zones