Abstract
BackgroundLeptospirosis is widespread in Mexico, yet the potential distribution and risk of the disease remain unknown.Methodology/Principal FindingsWe analysed morbidity and mortality according to age and gender based on three sources of data reported by the Ministry of Health and the National Institute of Geography and Statics of Mexico, for the decade 2000–2010. A total of 1,547 cases were reported in 27 states, the majority of which were registered during the rainy season, and the most affected age group was 25–44 years old. Although leptospirosis has been reported as an occupational disease of males, analysis of morbidity in Mexico showed no male preference. A total number of 198 deaths were registered in 21 states, mainly in urban settings. Mortality was higher in males (61.1%) as compared to females (38.9%), and the case fatality ratio was also increased in males. The overall case fatality ratio in Mexico was elevated (12.8%), as compared to other countries. We additionally determined the potential disease distribution by examining the spatial epidemiology combined with spatial modeling using ecological niche modeling techniques. We identified regions where leptospirosis could be present and created a potential distribution map using bioclimatic variables derived from temperature and precipitation. Our data show that the distribution of the cases was more related to temperature (75%) than to precipitation variables. Ecological niche modeling showed predictive areas that were widely distributed in central and southern Mexico, excluding areas characterized by extreme climates.Conclusions/SignificanceIn conclusion, an epidemiological surveillance of leptospirosis is recommended in Mexico, since 55.7% of the country has environmental conditions fulfilling the criteria that favor the presence of the disease.
Highlights
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease considered one of the most widely disseminated and prevalent in the wild, which can be transmitted by direct or indirect contact with urine of infected animals [1,2,3,4,5]
We identified regions where leptospirosis could be present and created a potential distribution map using bioclimatic variables derived from temperature and precipitation
In Mexico, the first report of leptospirosis was made in patients from Merida, Yucatan, which had originally been diagnosed with yellow fever, yet the isolation of the bacteria proved leptospirosis [6]
Summary
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease considered one of the most widely disseminated and prevalent in the wild, which can be transmitted by direct or indirect contact with urine of infected animals [1,2,3,4,5]. Humans are accidental hosts in the natural life cycle of the bacteria, and can show a wide range of symptoms such as febrile illness, headache, prostration, severe myalgia, uveitis (some of which may be mistaken with other infectious diseases like dengue, flu, hantavirus and rickettsiosis) [3], even renal failure and haemorrhagic manifestations known as Weil’s disease. In Mexico, the first report of leptospirosis was made in patients from Merida, Yucatan, which had originally been diagnosed with yellow fever, yet the isolation of the bacteria proved leptospirosis [6]. A more recent epidemiological overview of leptospirosis in Mexico between 2000–2010 showed a more widespread disease distribution [15]. Leptospirosis is widespread in Mexico, yet the potential distribution and risk of the disease remain unknown
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