Abstract
BackgroundAsian Indian immigrants have an increased risk for developing cardiovascular disease (CVD); however, there is very little data examining how the adipokines leptin and adiponectin relate to CVD risk factors such as body fat percentage (BF%), waist to hip ratio (WHR) and the apoB/apoA1 ratio in Asian Indian men and women living in Canada.Subjects and methodsA cross-sectional study comparing leptin, adiponectin, lipoproteins and anthropometric parameters in Asian Indian men and women to Caucasian men and women (4 groups). Anthropometric data (BMI, BF%, WHR), circulating lipids (apoA1, apoB, total cholesterol, and HDL-cholesterol), leptin and adiponectin were measured.ResultsAsian Indian men and women had higher leptin and lower adiponectin concentrations then Caucasian men and women, respectively. Leptin (positively) and adiponectin (negatively) correlated with anthropometric parameters and lipoproteins in all four groups. Using stepwise forward multiple regression, a model including TC/HDL-C ratio, WHR, BF%, hip circumference and waist circumference predicted 74.2% of leptin concentration in men. In women, apoB, BF%, waist circumference and age predicted 77.5% of leptin concentration. Adiponectin concentrations in men were predicted (30.2%) by HDL-C, total cholesterol, hip circumference and BF% while in women 41.2% of adiponectin concentration was predicted by the apoB/apoA1 ratio, WHR and age.ConclusionAs is evident from our data, there is a strong relationship between leptin, adiponectin, and abdominal obesity with increased CVD risk, as assessed by the apoB/apoA1 ratio. Dysregulation of these parameters may account for the increased risk of CVD in Asian Indians.
Highlights
Asian Indian immigrants have an increased risk for developing cardiovascular disease (CVD); there is very little data examining how the adipokines leptin and adiponectin relate to CVD risk factors such as body fat percentage (BF%), waist to hip ratio (WHR) and the apolipoprotein B (apoB)/apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1) ratio in Asian Indian men and women living in Canada
There was no significant difference in the age of the women; the Indian men were significantly older than the Caucasian men
None of the Indian men were born in Canada and those that had immigrated had an average of 13.9 ± 1.4 years living in Canada
Summary
Asian Indian immigrants have an increased risk for developing cardiovascular disease (CVD); there is very little data examining how the adipokines leptin and adiponectin relate to CVD risk factors such as body fat percentage (BF%), waist to hip ratio (WHR) and the apoB/apoA1 ratio in Asian Indian men and women living in Canada. Even immigrants within the same environment, when compared to Europeans or Caucasians, have a 1.5 to 4.0 times higher mortality rate from CVD and this risk increases with duration of residence [2,6,7]. Factors such as body fat percentage (BF%), body fat distribution, dyslipidemia, and adipose tissue derived hormones (leptin and adiponectin) all impact the development of atherogenesis and CVD [8,9,10,11,12]. Lower BMI cut-points have been suggested to evaluate overweight and obesity for Asian populations [15] since this increased body fat at lower BMI has been associated with negative metabolic consequences [16]
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