Abstract
A “Second International Workingmen’s Association” was established in 1889, six years after the death of Marx in 1883. The Second International became a powerful worldwide organization that included some of the largest political parties in western European countries. The Second International was distinguished from the First International in that its member parties were required to accept the orthodox principles of “scientific socialism” of Marxist revolutionary theory, as opposed to a heterogeneous mix of other socialist theories. Germany was seen as the leading country of the Second International in terms of both its political strength and its leading theoreticians of Marxist orthodoxy. Following the death of Frederick Engels in 1895, three of the leading German theoreticians were Karl Liebknecht, Karl Kautsky, and Rosa Luxemburg.
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