Abstract
<h2>Abstract</h2> Cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis in the Middle East has been known since the early 1900s. Recent epidemiological studies show that they are re-emerging as important public health problems in areas long believed to be disease free. Cutaneous leishmaniasis, caused by <i>Leishmania tropica</i>, has become a significant problem in northern Israel and parts of the West Bank, whereas zoonotic foci of <i>Leishmania major</i> in the Jericho area and Negev desert present a threat to increasing populations. Canine leishmaniasis, caused by <i>Leishmania infantum</i>, is now highly prevalent in central Israel and encroaching on urban areas. Recent studies on the vectors and reservoir hosts, in addition to the molecular characterization of <i>Leishmania</i>, are helping us understand the dynamics of these diseases.
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