LEGALIZING THE FALL OF MAN

The Rhetorical Arts in Late Antique and Early Medieval Ireland, by Brian James Stone

Early Modern Women on the Fall: An Anthology. Edited by Michelle M. Dowd and Thomas Festa. Tempe, AZ: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 2012. ISBN 978-0-86698-458-4. Pp. 386. $60.00 In this anthology, Michelle M. Dowd and Thomas Festa gather a varied selection of seventeenth-century women's writing inspired by the narrative of the Fall, particularly the character of Eve. As the editors note, Imagining Eve's voice in early modern England entailed direct engagement with the most issues of identity in political and social life (1-2). The authors of these texts engage such contentious issues, from education to breastfeeding to poetry to theology, as they explore the Fall as a basis for early modern theories about gender, society, and vocation. In publishing this anthology, Dowd and Festa hope to dispel the simplistic myth that religion functioned only to disempower women in the premodern era, or that the story of Eve's fall did not have a productive as well as a counterproductive force in English society (7). Including a wide range of writings inspired by the Fall narrative, the anthology illustrates the generative power of this tale to spark discussion, debate, and imaginative writing in the early modern period. Early Modern Women on the Fall includes relatively well-known voices, such as Aemelia Lanyer (selections from Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum), Katherine Philips (To Antenor, on a Paper of Mine), and Mary Astell Serious Proposal to the Ladies) alongside texts that have never before appeared in a modern edition, including Dorothy Calthorpe's Description of the Garden of Eden and selections from Mary Roper's The Sacred History. Among the other texts are poems by Margaret Cavendish (Poets Have Most Pleasure In This Life), Lucy Hutchinson (selections from Order and Disorder), and Jane Barker (A Farewell to Poetry, With a Long Digression on Anatomy), and prose works by Bathsua Makin (An Essay to Revive the Ancient Education of Gentlewomen) and Elizabeth Clinton (The Countess of Lincolns Nursery). Along with their chronologically-ordered selection of poetry and prose, Dowd and Festa include appendices containing the first three chapters of Genesis in both the Geneva and Authorized (King James) versions of the Bible, the marriage service from the 1559 Book of Common Prayer, biographical and textual notes, and a selected bibliography for further reading. Dowd and Festa address this anthology to both student readers and the general public. To that end, they ground their editorial practices in accessibility, describing their edited texts as standardized, Americanized, and lightly modernized (15). Their notes for each work are also geared toward accessibility and comprehension; for example, their first footnote to the selections from Dorothy Leigh's The Mother's Blessing places this work in its generic context as a mother's legacy, briefly explaining the genre and directing readers to further information on both genre and work (29nl). Dowd and Festa also use their notes to define unfamiliar terms and to gloss Biblical, literary, and historical mentions of such figures as Hannah (75n10), Nicostrata (151n95), or Brutus (276n57). In addition to providing this information, Dowd and Festa deliberately include as many complete texts as possible (such as those by Astell, Clinton, and Makin) rather than shorter selections, making these texts particularly useful for comprehensive discussion and inquiry (16). Through their editorial and selection practices as well as their careful notes, Dowd and Festa successfully create an anthology suitable for initial encounters with the rich world of seventeenth-century texts. A major strength of Early Modern Women on the Fall springs from another of its goals: inviting comparison of the selected works with each other and with others from the period. Dowd and Festa stress in their introduction that their purpose is emphatically not to re-segregate women's writing, expressing the hope that readers will place these texts in conversation with other works, perhaps beginning with the Fall as narrated in Milton's Paradise Lost (17). …

Gender & History the thought of the Anglo-Saxon monastic theorist Aldhelm (c.639-709), for example, religious men and women partook, in Emma Pettit's words, of a 'shared invisible spiritual identity heavily indebted to masculinity'. Monks and nuns alike were enjoined to contend 'manfully ' (viriliter) in the battle against vices. The visible dimensions of religious life, however, from dress to demeanour, retained clear gender distinctions, and for Aldhelm the transition to religious life entailed a more dramatic break for men than for women. Elsewhere, hagiographers drew on different models of sanctity in characterising the transition to female religious life, from the transcending of gender through virile asceticism to the transformation of gender through spiritualised motherhood. Often, as Simon Coates has shown in his study of the vitae of the sixth-century abbess Radegund of Poitiers, hagiographers blended elements from these models. cross the diversity of early medieval models of sanctity (and their modern interpretations), chastity was a crucial sign of religious distinction. But chastity was also fragile, an 'unstable condition and easily lost among the pitfalls of the world'. From early Christianity onwards, sexual lapses were rude reminders to individuals and communities of the gender roles which religious orientation sought to reconfigure. When, in the early third century, Tertullian critiqued an emergent custom in Carthage for virgins who had renounced marriage to stand unveiled in church, he noted acerbically that after uncovering their heads many ended up covering their bellies in shame or resorting to abortion to prevent public disclosure of sexual sin. 9 From punitive retribution to the remedy of penance, responses to such lapses endeavoured to recover the communal experience of chastity and to contain the turbulence of sexual sin in communities of the chaste.

The Celts. Part 1 Early Ireland: Ireland in prehistoric times (before AD 500) political development in early Irish times. Part 2 Ireland in the first part of the Middle Ages (AD 500-1100): the beginnings of Christianity in Ireland the formation of the early Irish Church Christian Ireland in the 7th and 8th centuries secularization and reform in the 8th century the age of the Vikings. Part 3 Ireland in the second part of the Middle Ages (AD 1100-1500): Ireland under foreign influence - the 12th century Ireland from the reign of John to the Statutes of Kilkenny the end of the Middle Ages the enduring tradition.

In early Ireland, there were many names for what scholars have dubbed the ‘Otherworld’: the Plain of Delights, the Land of Youth, the Land of Promise, and more. Many of the myths and legends from this period involve an encounter between a hero and a woman from this Otherworld, with sufficient frequency to form a distinct theme within the literature. This book examines the particularities and consequences of these otherworldly encounters, attending in particular to the question of gender and the social dynamics at work. Five stories purportedly from the lost book Cín Dromma Snechta receive detailed analysis, alongside material from other sources, in order to reconstruct the mindset of the early Irish who told these stories about the Otherworld and their views about women in general.

In early Ireland, there were many names for what scholars have dubbed the 'Otherworld': the Plain of Delights, the Land of Youth, the Land of Promise, and more. Many of the myths and legends from this period involve an encounter between a hero and a woman from this Otherworld, with sufficient frequency to form a distinct theme within the literature. This book examines the particularities and consequences of these otherworldly encounters, attending in particular to the question of gender and the social dynamics at work. Five stories purportedly from the lost book Cín Dromma Snechta receive detailed analysis, alongside material from other sources, in order to reconstruct the mindset of the early Irish who told these stories about the Otherworld and their views about women in general.

This chapter traces the linguistic situation in Ireland from the earliest attested stages of language use, Early Irish, through the arrival of Latin as a language of learning and Old Norse, which was brought by Viking settlers in the closing centuries of the first millennium bce, until the arrival of Anglo-Norman settlers to the end of the medieval period (c.1200 ce). It is shown that from early stages on, early Irish society has been multilingual. In this society the Irish language was a language of high prestige until the arrival of the first Anglo-Norman settlers and for a considerable period beyond this. Historical developments as well as the societal and political situation in the pre-modern period are related to and discussed in the context of typical developments in language contact.

The Complexities of Obesity

Review. A legislative-textual approach to criminal law in contrast to the traditional linguistic approach is based on the understanding that the final result of legislative activity is the text of the criminal law. Legislative textology has two practical applications: construction of criminal-law provisions and interpretation of texts of the criminal law. The first practical application of the legislative texts allows us to identify the textual indications of criminal law, to determine the dynamics of amendments to the articles of the General and Special Part of the RF CC, to analyze the structural organization of the text of the criminal law, to identify the minimum, optimum texts of the articles and articles that excess the scope, to differentiate criminal law regulations in accordance with their compositional and graphics features and provide practical recommendations on improvement of articles of the RF CC, to consider the problem of the criminal law quality in relation to its addressees, to set the textual peculiarities of the titles of the articles of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, to develop practical recommendations for the application legislative textology provisions when constructing notes, to reveal new crimes constructions with limiting (restrictive) elements. Legislative and textology interpretation as a the second approach to the practical application of the legislative textology makes it possible to carry out an analysis of the text of the criminal law, including its structural, constructive and conceptual peculiarities, and to develop legislative and textual interpretation algorithm that provides a step-by-step interpretation of the text of the criminal law. Methodological foundations of legislative textology consist of both traditional methods of cognition (method of historical reflection, comparative law, logical, sociological, statistical, the method of expert assessments) and new approaches to the study of the text of the criminal law (discursive, textocentric, communicative methods and the method of structural analysis)

Liam Breatnach observed in an important article (Breatnach 1984, with references) that ‘Old Irish texts appear in three forms: prose, rhyming syllabic verse, and rose.The simplest definition of roseis that it is neither of the other two.’ There were several stylistic varieties of prose in Early Irish, associated with such genres as law texts, saints’ lives, and sagas.

Women's monastic enclosures in early Ireland: a study of female spirituality and male monastic mentalities

The use and application of dream content in clinical practice with children and adolescents are unclear and ambiguous to most therapists. Although no empirical data exist to verify the assertion, the extent to which dream content is used in treatment is largely dependent upon the background, experience, and comfort of the clinician. The interest and fascination of the child or adolescent in dreaming are important considerations and likely contributors to his or her ability. The mention of a dream by a client provides the therapist with a heightened sense of interest and anticipation. Expectations of hidden traumas, conflicts, or neurosis as revealed in dreams await the therapist, along with an uncertainty regarding the meaning of dream content or its use in practice. It is as if many therapists are aware or assume the importance of dreams reported in treatment, yet are unaware of how to facilitate their use and application in practice. Many therapists still assume that psychoanalytical training in dream symbolism is required in order to apply dream content to clinical practice. This chapter will discuss the application of dreams in clinical practice with children and adolescents.

THE SHOCK OF THE OLD: TRANSLATING EARLY IRISH POETRY INTO MODERN IRISH KAARINA HOLLO twentieth-century readers of English without a knowledge of Old Irish (ca. 600–900 a.d.) or Middle Irish (ca. 900–1200 a.d.) were given reasonably good access to early medieval Irish poetry through the medium of the translation anthology. Through the efforts of Kuno Meyer, Robin Flower, Gerard Murphy, Frank O’Connor, and others, a good amount of early Irish verse written between the seventh and twelfth centuries was made available to English-language audiences.1 But what of translation of this poetry into Modern Irish? Who undertook this task, for what reasons, and to what effect? From the very beginnings of the Gaelic Literary Revival, there had been calls for the translation of medieval Irish literature into Modern Irish. The ordinary reader of Modern Irish would not be able to make much sense of an early medieval Irish story or poem. Thus, at the time, in order to access a substantial portion of the medieval literary tradition, a Modern Irish speaker would generally turn to English translations provided in more or less scholarly editions or to the more literary reworkings provided, again in English, by the likes of Lady Gregory (1902, 1904) and Standish O’Grady (1878–80, 1894). Learning the earlier forms of the language was a daunting task, not one that the average reader of Irish with an interest in the earlier literature could be expected to undertake. This meant that the Irish reader’s experience of older Irish texts was essentially mediated by English. In 1900 the perceived need for translations directly from the ancestral language into Modern Irish was formally acknowledged by the OireachTRANSLATING EARLY IRISH POETRY INTO MODERN IRISH 54 1 See, for example, Meyer 1911; Flower 1926; Murphy 1956; Greene and O’Connor 1967. For a thorough discussion of the ideological and political dimensions of translation from Old and Middle Irish into English, see Tymoczko 1999. I wish to thank the joint editors of this volume for their thoughtful and constructive comments on several drafts of this paper. tas2 in the institution of a prize for “the best modernized version of a tale or episode from Old or Middle Irish” (O’Leary 1994:233). Philip O’Leary has identified three main rationales for such modernization: (1) an awareness of the linguistic, historical, and cultural value of the early literature; (2) ideological grounds; and (3) a view of medieval Irish literature as providing a model for modern writing in Irish (1994:268–70). It is hard to disentangle the three, and separating them risks reductionism: for example, there is certainly an ideological element to the belief that medieval Irish literature is intrinsically valuable and that it can provide a model for contemporary authors. Speaking of the period 1922–39, O’Leary writes that what Gaelic activists wanted was for native scholars to use their learning to enrich contemporary Irish reality by restoring to the nation an authentic and accessible sense of its own past. In practical terms one of the central features of this project would be the immediate provision of competent Modern Irish versions, translations, of the full range of earlier Irish literature. (1998:201) The translation efforts undertaken on this front were almost exclusively from the prose tradition. Until the mid-twentieth century, verse seems to have been more or less ignored. The great early Irish prose narratives such as Táin Bó Cúailnge (The Cattle Raid of Cúailnge, modern “Cooley”) were seen as constitutive of and more essential to Irish national identity than were the religious, personal, and love poems from the same period. Therefore earlier translation efforts were centered on the prose, but by mid-century, with Irish political independence a reality, it was possible to turn to works that could not be so easily pressed into the mold of a heroic national ethos, such as lyric verse.3 We will focus here on the translations done by two men, both of them significant figures in the mid-twentieth-century Irish literary world. Tomás Ó Floinn published two collections of Modern Irish translations from Old and Middle Irish: Athbheo (Alive Again or...

This article is primarily concerned with lexicographic resources, i.e. glossaries, word-lists, dictionaries, and lexica of various shapes and form, for Early Irish. Early Irish comprises of several distinct stages of the Irish language: Primitive Irish (c. 4th–6th centuries A.D.), almost solely attested in Ogam inscriptions, Early or Archaic Old Irish (c. 7th century), Old Irish (c. 8th–9th centuries), and Middle Irish (c. 10th–12thcenturies), the latter three transmitted through manuscripts. A large grey area exists between lexicographic resources in the strict sense and monographs that treat subsec-tions of the Early Irish lexicon under particular phonological, morphological, or other grammatical perspectives. However, examples of the latter, unless they contain sub-stantial lexicon-like portions, will not be considered here.

Background and Objectives: Soil erosion is of the important global challenges for agricultural and food production. The indiscriminate intervention of man in the nature is of the main reasons for erosion. The success of any conservation program requires an understanding of the various aspects of human behavior. Behaviors are mainly emerge from the people’s knowledge and attitudes. Farmers' attitudes can influence their behavior to adopt conservation practices. Studying the attitude and behavior of farmers towards conservation practices can play a crucial role to help managers and decision makers in understanding the reason for farmers' conservation behavior and to modify and improve it. Several studies have been conducted worldwide on the adoption and application of soil and water conservation methods. Many of them have focused on the purely socioeconomic aspects of the adoption. While the current study examined the attitude of farmers towards conservation practices, access to facilities for and barriers to the application of these practices. The study also examined the perceptual-attitudinal and socioeconomic aspects affecting the implementation of conservation practices. Therefore, the conservation behavior of farmers in Talkhehrood basin in Harris County, East Azarbaijan province has been studied from different aspects. Materials and Methods: The aim of this study was to investigate the attitude towards conservation practices and the application of these practices. Survey research method was used in this study. A sample of 220 farmers was selected using Cochran's sampling formula and the necessary data were collected using a face to face interviewing procedure. The random multistage sampling method was used to select the sample farmers. The instrument of the study was a questionnaire. Most sections of the questionnaire was in the form of 5-points Likert items. It was validated by a panel of university staffs and field experts of agricultural and natural resources. A pilot study was conducted using 30 farmers from out of the sample villages for reliability and correction of the questionnaire. The calculated values of Cronbach’s alpha showed that the questionnaire has sufficient reliability. Results: The results showed that farmers had a positive attitude towards conservation practices. Among the 12 selected conservation practices, compost application, dredging of irrigation canals, weeding and retaining crop residues were at the above-average level. The use of other methods was below the average. Creating windbreaks and flood dam was very weak. Respondents perceived that land fragmentation and lack of financial ability were the most important obstacles to the application of conservation practices. Significant correlations were found between the implementation of most conservation practices. Based on the regression analyses, attitude and access to facilities were the most important perceptual-attitudinal factors, as well as education and farming experiences were the most important socio-economic factors explaining the implementation of conservation methods. Conclusion: The results showed that while farmers had a relatively positive attitude towards soil and water conservation practices, they implemented low-cost and quick-return practices using available facilities. Due to the lack of financial abilities, the use of practices that required financial investment was not very common among them. Removing barriers and restrictions, providing the necessary facilities and providing educational and extension programs can be effective in promoting the implementation of these practices.