Abstract
Xhe publication of James Joyce's work prior to Ulysses had already encountered numerous prob? lems with censorship, or to be more precise, with the wary and fearful attitude of his would-be publishers and printers.2 They feared being prosecuted for defamation by means of the printed word, considered a public libel tending to produce evil consequences to society when blasphemous, obscene, or seditious. Public libel was a tort actionable without proof of special damage, punishable by a fine and imprisonment, according to the Libel Act 1843, section 4, If any person shall maliciously publish any defamatory libel. . . shall be liable to be imprisoned . . . and to pay such fine as the court shall award.3 During the first part of the twentieth century, cultural cen? sorship was especially awkward in Britain.4 The authorities were much concerned with avoiding the weakening of public morality in a period of growing apprehension for the decline of a British international political role.
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