Legal Aspects

Abstract

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Industrial Chemistry and Law1.1.Law, Society, Chemistry, and Ethics1.2.Policy and Legal Principles Affecting Industrial Chemistry1.2.1.Precautionary Principle1.2.2.The Polluter‐Pays Principle1.3.Economic Integration and Environmental Protection1.4.Other General Trends of Health, Safety and Environmental Laws Affecting Industrial Chemistry1.5.Scope of this Keyword2.European Community Legislation Affecting Chemicals2.1.The European Community Framework2.2.Product‐Oriented Legislation2.3.Legislation on Chemical Installations3.Towards the Adoption of New Civil Liability Rules: A New Challenge for the Chemical Industry3.1.Introduction3.2.General Trends and Debates Affecting Modern Civil Liability Systems3.2.1.New Trends3.2.2.Recognition of Ecological Damage in International and Community Law of Civil Liability3.2.3.International Harmonization in the Context of Liability for Dangerous Activities3.2.4.Actions and Requests by Organizations3.2.5.Financial Security Schemes3.2.6.Essential Requirements3.3.Liability for Defective Products and European Community Law3.3.1.Background and Legal Basis3.3.2.Nature of the Liability Regime3.3.3.The Three Options of the Directive3.3.4.Other important Aspects of the Directive3.4.Community‐Proposed Directive on Liability for Waste3.4.1.The “Channelling” of Liability3.4.2.Definition of the Producer3.4.3.The Concept of Waste3.4.4.Insurance and Compensation Fund3.5.Civil Liability for Damage Caused during the Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Land: The Convention of October 10, 19893.6.Liability in Connection with the Carriage of Dangerous Substances by Sea (HNS)3.7.The Council of Europe Convention on Compensation for Damage Caused by Dangerous Activities3.7.1.Background3.7.2.Key Features of the Council of Europe Convention3.7.2.1.Liability Regime3.7.2.2.Concept of Operator3.7.2.3.Incident3.7.2.4.Concept of Dangerous Activity3.7.2.5.Concept of Damage3.7.2.6.Environment3.7.2.7.Right of Action of Private Groups3.7.2.8.Causal Link and Administration of Proof3.7.2.9.Financial Security Scheme3.7.2.10.Access to Information3.8.The 1993 European Commission Green Paper on Remedying Environmental Damage3.9.Economic Aspects and Questions Bearing on the Insurance of the Industrial Risk3.10.Conclusions4.Waste Shipments in the European Union: The Interface between Environmental Regulation and the Internal Market4.1.Introduction4.2.European Community/Union Measures4.2.1.The Internal Market, “1992”4.2.2.The Single European Act4.2.3.The Maastricht Treaty ‐ Environmental Provisions4.2.4.Other Applicable Provisions of the Treaty of Rome4.3.Waste Shipments: Conflict between European Union Free Movement of Goods Principles and Environmental Regulation4.3.1.The New Regulation 259/93: Introduction4.3.2.Specific Provisions of Regulation 259/934.3.2.1.Shipments of Waste between EU Member States4.3.2.2.Exports of Waste from the EU4.3.2.3.Imports of Waste into the EU4.3.2.4.Transit of Waste from Outside and Through the EU for Disposal or Recovery Outside the European Union4.3.2.5.Common Provisions4.3.3.The Trade ‐ Free Movement and Environmental Protection Conflicts in Complying with EC Regulation 259/934.3.3.1.Definitions4.3.3.2.Liabilities4.3.3.3.Administrative Issues4.3.3.4.Trade and Competition Issues4.4.Conclusion5.The Seveso Directive: An Example of the Interface between Community Law and National Implementation Rules5.1.Historical Background and Content5.2.Implementation Requirements5.3.Conclusions6.U.S. and European Environmental Legislation6.1.Introduction6.2.The Environmental Regulatory System6.3.Methods of Lawmaking in the United States and the European Community6.4.U.S. and European Environmental Laws6.4.1.Environmental Impact Assessment Laws6.4.2.Accident Planning and Public Information Laws6.4.3.Air and Water Pollution Legislation6.4.4.Solid and Hazardous Waste Regulation6.4.5.Regulations on Chemical Products6.5.Some Contrasts in U.S. and EC Environmental Legislation6.5.1.Regulatory Gaps6.5.2.Implementation of Legislation6.5.3.Enforcement of Legislation6.6.Outlook7.Environment, Safety, and Chemical Safety in Japan7.1.Current Situation Concerning Environmental Protection7.1.1.Air Pollution Control7.1.2.Control of Water Pollution7.1.3.Revision of Compensation Systems for Patients with Pollution‐Related Diseases7.1.4.Measures for Waste Disposal7.1.5.Response to Global Environmental Problems7.1.6.Basic Policy of the Japanese Chemical Industry Association about Environment and Safety7.2.Current Situation Concerning Safety and Fire Prevention Measures7.2.1.Revision of Fire Service Law7.2.2.Safety Measures for the Transport of Dangerous Goods7.2.2.1.Marine Transport Standards for Hazardous Substances7.2.2.2.Standards for Air Transport of Hazardous Cargoes7.2.2.3.Standards for Transportation Containers for Poisonous and Toxic Substances7.2.2.4.Safety Measures in the Use of Gases Under High Pressure7.3.Present Situation Regarding Safety Measures for Chemical Substances7.3.1.The Law Concerning Examination and Regulation of Manufacture, etc. of Chemical Substances7.3.2.Situation Regarding the Enforcement of Law Concerning Examinations and Regulations of Manufacture, etc. of Chemical Substances (“Chemical Substances Law”)7.3.3.International Cooperation on Chemical Substance Regulations8.Acknowledgement