Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa) is usually grown under flooded conditions, leading to anoxic periods in the soil. Rice plants transport oxygen via aerenchyma from the atmosphere to the roots. Driven by O2 release into the rhizosphere, radial gradients of ferric Fe and co-precipitated organic substances are formed. Our study aimed at elucidating the composition and spatial extension of those gradients. Air-dried soil aggregates from a paddy field were embedded in epoxy resin, cut, and polished to produce cross sections. Reflected-light microscopy was used to identify root channels. With nano-scale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS), we investigated transects from root channels into the soil matrix and detected 12C−, 16O−, 12C14N−, 28Si−, 27Al16O−, and 56Fe16O− to distinguish between embedding resin, organic matter, oxides, and silicates. Image analyses reveal high occurrences of 56Fe16O− within and in close proximity of oxide-encrusted root cells, followed by a thin layer with high occurrences of 27Al16O− and 12C14N−. In two of the three transects, 28Si− only occurs at distances larger than approximately 10 µm from the root surface. Thus, we can distinguish distinct zones: the inner zone is composed of oxide encrusted root cells and their fragments. A thin intermediate zone may occur around some roots and comprises (hydr)oxides and organic matter. This can be distinguished from a silicate-dominated outer zone, which reflects the transition from the rhizosphere to the bulk soil.
Highlights
Cultivated rice (Oryza sativa) is usually grown under flooded conditions in bunded fields
Images obtained by reflected-light microscopy visualized aggregate architecture and allowed us to identify the cross sections of single, oxidized root channels within the highly reduced, grey soil
We have set the zero-line in all transects as a vertical line directly at the border between the root cell and soil matrix
Summary
Cultivated rice (Oryza sativa) is usually grown under flooded conditions in bunded fields (paddies). Anoxic conditions accompanied by low redox potentials are characteristic of paddy soil ecosystems. Except for the soil surface layer, oxic conditions occur exclusively in the vicinity of active roots because rice plants supply the roots with oxygen by transporting it from the atmosphere to the roots through aerenchyma [1,2,3]. Oxygen diffusion from rice plant roots into the soil results in radial oxygen gradients with distance from the root surface [4]. Soils 2017, 1, 2 within a few millimetres of the root surface of young roots [5]. Kumazawa [5] showed that Fe(II) in soil pore water was oxidized and precipitated as reddish ferric oxides and hydroxides, forming concentric layers of several millimetres around the root surface as the root aged. Schmidt et al [8]
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