Abstract
Objective: To determine the left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) prevalence in patients admitted with advanced stage of Chronic kidney disease at Ziauddin hospital.
 Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in department of Nephrology of Ziauddin University Hospital, Karachi from January to July 2016. The inclusion criteria involved patients with CKD stages 3-5 undergoing two-dimensional M mode Doppler echocardiography. The sample size of the study was 147. LVH was considered as positive when Inter-ventricular-septal-wall-thickness in diastole (IVSd) >11 mm, Left-Ventricular-Septal-Wall-Thickness in diastole (LVPWd) >11 mm and Left-Ventricular-Mass-Index (LVMi) >131 g/m2 for men and > 100 g/m2 for women. The exclusion criteria included patients with terminal illness, on mechanical ventilator support, valvular heart diseases and congenital heart diseases, liver diseases and patients with acute kidney injury on chronic kidney disease.
 Results: 88 male and 59 female patients were included. The mean duration of CKD was 7.02±1.60 years. 94(63.9%) study subjects were observed with left ventricular hypertrophy. A significant association of LVH was observed with gender and CKD Stages.
 Conclusion: LVH can be easily diagnosed and assessed by M-mode or 2D echocardiography. The prevalence was high (60.5%) in stage 3–5 CKD patients.
Highlights
Increased morbidity and mortality due to cardiovascular problems have been found more with comorbidity of chronic kidney disease (CKD) when compared with individuals without CKD of the same age
The mean duration of CKD was 7.02±1.60 years. 94(63.9%) study subjects were observed with left ventricular hypertrophy
left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a consistent feature of CKD, and its diagnosis and assessment can be made by Mmode or 2D echocardiography
Summary
Increased morbidity and mortality due to cardiovascular problems have been found more with comorbidity of chronic kidney disease (CKD) when compared with individuals without CKD of the same age. It is directly correlates with the severity of CKD [1,2]. LVH has a prevalence of 15–21% in in the general population. It gradually increases as renal function depreciates. During intermediate stages of CKD, LVH prevalence is found to be 50–70% that aggravates to 90% in patents with End-stage-kidney-disease (ESKD) [4,5,6]. The National kidney foundation task force reported that the risk of cardiovascular disease is higher in CKD patients, LVH and coronary artery disease being areas of accentuation [7,8]
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