Left ventricular dysfunction, pulmonary congestion, or both and cardiovascular risk after acute myocardial infarction

Abstract

Abstract Background Patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) complicated by left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD), pulmonary congestion, or both are at increased risk for adverse cardiovascular events, including long-term heart failure. The EMPACT-MI trial studied the efficacy and safety of early initiation of a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) in this population. We set out to evaluate the contemporary real-world risk associated with AMI presenting with LVSD and/or congestion and the projected impact of implementing early SGLT2i post-MI across the spectrum of risk. Purpose To evaluate the independent risk of presenting with LVSD, congestion, or both in patients with AMI. We will further explore the potential impact of the implementation of early initiation of SGLT2i in real-world clinical practice. Methods We conducted a retrospective population-based cohort study in Ontario, Canada, analyzing AMI hospitalizations from April 2009 to March 2022, emulating the EMPACT-MI trial cohort. Patients that survived to hospital discharge were stratified by baseline presentation with LVSD (defined as LVEF<50%), signs or symptoms of congestion or both and compared with a referent group without either risk factor (none). Exclusion criteria were previously established heart failure, prior SGLT2i use, eGFR < 20 ml/min/1.73m2 or chronic dialysis. The primary outcome was a composite of HF hospitalization or all-cause mortality at 30 days and 1 year. We used a multivariable logistic regression model to report an odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) adjusted for clinical risk factors. Results Among 36,837 AMI patients, 3% presented with congestion, 55% with LVSD, 10% with both, and 32% with none. Age/sex-adjusted 30-day event rates for the primary endpoint were 30%, 22%, 57%, and 7%, respectively. The corresponding adjusted ORs were 3.34 (95% CI: 2.05-5.46) for congestion, 3.58 (95% CI: 2.72-4.71) for LVSD, and 7.01 (95% CI: 5.09-9.65) for both, versus the reference group (none) (Figure 1). At year 1, a similar pattern of risk was observed (Figure 2). Based on the results of the EMPACT-MI trial being reported at the ACC conference in April 2024, relative and absolute risk differences in outcomes with implementation of early initiation of SGLT2i post-MI in real-world clinical practice across the spectrum of presentation will be reported. Conclusion Patients presenting with pulmonary congestion and/or LVSD remain at high risk of adverse cardiovascular events following AMI. This high-risk group represents an unmet need with a potential impact for improvement with novel interventions such as SGLT2i.