Left ventricular abnormalities in prolapsed mitral leaflet syndrome. Review of eighty-seven cases.

Abstract

Eighty-seven patients with proven mitral leaflet prolapse were studied emphasizing cardiodynamics and left ventricular asynergy. Significant associated features were female preponderance (83%), skeletal anomalies (pectus excavatum, straight back, scoliosis, narrow antero-posterior diameter of the chest), and anomalous coronary arteries (cork-screw patterns, short left main coronary artery, anomalous origin of the coronary arteries). Prolapse of the tricuspid leaflets was found in 15 (54%) who had right ventriculography. Five types of abnormal left ventricular systolic contraction patterns were seen in 82% of the cases and these were categorized as: 1) "ballerina foot" pattern (vigorous posteromedial contraction with anterior convexity), 2) "hour glass" pattern (vigorous ring-like contraction involving the middle portion of the left ventricle), 3) inadequate long axis shortening, 4) posterior akinesis, and 5) cavity obliteration pattern. The over-all left ventricular performance was normal generally, as indicated by normal values for functional parameters including left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, cardiac index, ejection fraction, contractility index (stroke work per end-diastolic volume) and pre-ejection period/left ventricular ejection time (PEP/LVET). The myocardial component of the syndrome of prolapsed mitral (and/or tricuspid) leaflets is expressed as asynergistic patterns of ventricular motion and usually does not impair over-all cardiac dynamics.