Left-Definite Sturm–Liouville Problems

Abstract

Left-definite regular self-adjoint Sturm–Liouville problems, with either separated or coupled boundary conditions, are studied. We give an elementary proof of the existence of eigenvalues for these problems. For any fixed equation, we establish a sequence of inequalities among the eigenvalues for different boundary conditions and estimate the range of each eigenvalue as a function on the space of boundary conditions. Some of our results here yield an algorithm for numerically computing the eigenvalues of a left-definite problem with an arbitrary coupled boundary condition. Our inequalities imply that the well-known asymptotic formula for the eigenvalues in the separated case also holds in the coupled case. Moreover, we study the continuous and differentiable dependence of the eigenvalues of the general left-definite problem on all the parameters in its differential equation and boundary condition.