Électroconvulsivothérapie et schizophrénie

Abstract

Cette étude de cas a pour but d’enrichir la littérature sur la prise en charge de la schizophrénie précoce compliquée de symptômes catatoniques et de montrer l’intérêt d’un suivi thérapeutique. La catatonie est un symptôme grave avec une forte mortalité, il est sous-diagnostiqué en psychiatrie de l’enfant et de l’adolescent. La population pédiatrique présente une plus grande vulnérabilité à développer des événements indésirables sévères sous antipsychotiques atypiques comme la catatonie. Ce cas clinique complexe souligne la nécessité du suivi thérapeutique systématisé en psychiatrie de l’enfant et de l’adolescent avec des paramètres cliniques et biologiques adaptés. Après l’exposition clinique détaillée du cas et de sa prise en charge, nous présentons les résultats du suivi les plus pertinents obtenus sous rispéridone, olanzapine et clozapine. Puis, nous discutons de l’intérêt de protocoliser le suivi thérapeutique dans notre discipline avec évaluation systématisée des symptômes catatoniques et suivi pharmacologique des antipsychotiques atypiques. La mise en place d’un suivi thérapeutique avec des paramètres adaptés comme l’échelle Bush-Francis Catatonia Rating Scale (BFCRS) peut permettre d’optimiser le soin. À ce jour en France, aucune recommandation ne permet au praticien de s’appuyer sur un cadre fiable.The aim of this paper is to underline the need of a systematic monitoring (1) of atypical antipsychotics and (2) of catatonic symptoms in child psychiatry. We present in this paper the clinical history of a 16-year-old adolescent inpatient needing a prescription of atypical antipsychotic drug. We present the most relevant results of our clinical monitoring over 7 months.A 16-year-old Caucasian male adolescent, by the name of Paul, was admitted in August 2009 to an Adolescent University Psychiatry Unit for an acute psychotic disorder. On admission, he presented paranoid delusion, auditory hallucinations and impulsive movements. The score on the Bush-Francis Catatonia Rating Scale (BFCRS) was 17 (the threshold score for the diagnosis of catatonic symptoms is 2). Laboratory tests showed the lack of blood toxic levels, creatine phosphokinase (CPK) level was 684 IU/L. Paul was treated with clonazepam (0.05 mg/kg/d). This particular day was considered to be day #1 of the clinical drug monitoring. Immediately after, regular follow-up of catatonic symptoms was performed. On day #15, the CPK level returned to normal with improvement of clinical catatonia but with still a score of 4 on the BFCRS scale. Auditory hallucinations and delusion persisted. Risperidone treatment was begun (1 mg/d and 1.5 mg/d after 24 hours), associated with oral clonazepam (0.05 mg/kg/d). On day #17, after 48 hours of improvement of delusion, the catatonic symptoms rapidly worsened. Risperidone was stopped; Paul was transferred to intensive care where he was treated with clonazepam IV (0.1 mg/kg/d). The score on BFCRS scale was 20, Paul presented no fever and the CPK level was below 170 IU/L. The diagnosis was a relapse of the catatonic episode, which was caused by the administration of risperidone. On day #24, no improvement in the state of catatonia was obtained. The treatment was changed with the following combination of medicine: clonazepam (0.1 mg/kg/d)–lorazepam (5 mg/d)–carbamazepine (10 mg/kg/d). With this combination, the state of catatonia improved quickly and on day #31, he was transferred to the adolescent psychiatry unit. However, delusion and hallucinations persisted; a treatment with olanzapine was started at 5 mg/d and then progressively increased to 20 mg/d for 10 days. On day #115, after 3 months with olanzapine, no improvement of the hallucinatory and delusional symptoms was observed; the diagnosis of early-onset refractory schizophrenia was established. The Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) confirmed the good compliance; clozapine was introduced and progressively increased up to 250 mg/d. On day #199, after 3 months under clozapine (250 mg/d), the speech was coherent and delusion was rare. During this period, no relapse of the catatonic state was observed.In this case, the BFCRS scale was sensitive to catatonic symptom diagnosis. CPK levels vary differently for each atypical antipsychotic and are not a specific complication indicator. In complex cases, the TDM seems useful when choosing atypical antipsychotics.The association of two benzodiazepines (clonazepam–lorazepam) with carbamazepin allowed the improvement of catatonic symptoms. Plasma levels of atypical antipsychotics helped the practitioner in deciding the type of care required: plasma levels confirmed the patient's treatment adherence and thus reinforced the choice of clozapine.