Abstract
BackgroundSalameh et al. developed the Lebanese Waterpipe Dependence Scale (LWDS-11) that assesses nicotine dependence among adult waterpipe smokers. In view of the high waterpipe use among Lebanese youth and other neighboring countries, it was deemed necessary to check the psychometric properties of the LWDS-11, originally adapted to the Lebanese population, to measure nicotine dependence among adolescents.MethodsTwo cross-sectional investigations were conducted; Study 1 (January and May 2019) enrolled a total of 449 students who were exclusive waterpipe smokers; this sample was used to conduct the exploratory factor analysis. Study 2 enrolled another sample composed of 243 waterpipe smoking adolescents. This sample was independent from the first one and was used to conduct the confirmatory analysis.ResultsThe results also showed that 312 (69.5%) [95% CI 0.652–0.738] had high waterpipe dependence (scores of ≥10). Results of the factor analysis in sample 1 showed that all LWDS-11 items were extracted following the factor analysis. Items converged over a solution of one factor; total variance explained = 70.45%, αCronbach = 0.96). The results of the confirmatory factor analysis were as follows: the Maximum Likelihood Chi-Square = 129.58 and Degrees of Freedom = 45, which gave a χ2/df = 2.88. For non-centrality fit indices, the Steiger-Lind Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) was 0.08 [0.071–0.106]. Moreover, the Comparative Fit Index (CFI) value was 0.77.ConclusionThe preliminary results suggest that the LWDS-11 has good psychometric properties to measure waterpipe dependence among adolescents. We hope this tool would serve the benefit of research and epidemiology.
Highlights
Salameh et al developed the Lebanese Waterpipe Dependence Scale (LWDS-11) that assesses nicotine dependence among adult waterpipe smokers
In view of the high WP use among Lebanese youth and other neighboring countries [18, 20, 21], it was deemed necessary to check the psychometric properties of the Lebanon Waterpipe Dependence Scale-11 (LWDS-11), originally adapted to the Lebanese population, to measure nicotine dependence among adolescents
The results showed that 312 (69.5%) [95% CI 0.652–0.738] had high waterpipe dependence
Summary
Salameh et al developed the Lebanese Waterpipe Dependence Scale (LWDS-11) that assesses nicotine dependence among adult waterpipe smokers. In view of the high waterpipe use among Lebanese youth and other neighboring countries, it was deemed necessary to check the psychometric properties of the LWDS-11, originally adapted to the Lebanese population, to measure nicotine dependence among adolescents. Higher tendencies of WPS were reported in Middle Eastern countries in general, [2] and in Lebanon (36.9% among youth between 13 and 15 years) [3]. This might be because WPS among adolescents is more culturally acceptable than cigarette smoking and might be shared with a family member [4]. Waterpipe smoking was linked to higher lipoproteins levels alone or in Hallit et al BMC Public Health (2021) 21:1627 combination with cigarettes [10, 11] and risky behaviors (alcohol, smoking, sexual relationship without condom use, driving without seat belt, etc.) [12] in adults
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