Abstract
This article investigated an outdoor wayfinding performance following absolute and relative verbal route instructions. Participants were divided into two groups. Each group received two types of instructions that started in one frame of reference and shifted to another reference frame. Results showed that participants in both groups had difficulty following the absolute instructions having significantly more stops, more deviations, and more frequent checking of route instructions. It took a long time for participants to finish the task when a shift to an absolute frame of reference was made. Concerning sketch maps, participants recalled more landmarks with relative route instructions.
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