Abstract
There has been an increasing public demand for passenger rail service in the recent times leading to a strong focus on the need for effective and efficient use of resources and managing the increasing passenger requirements, service reliability and variability by the railway management. Whilst shortening the passengers’ waiting and travelling time is important for commuter satisfaction, lowering operational costs is equally important for railway management. Hence, effective and cost optimised train scheduling based on the dynamic passenger demand is one of the main issues for passenger railway management. Although the passenger railway scheduling problem has received attention in operations research in recent years, there is limited literature investigating the adoption of practical approaches that capitalize on the merits of mathematical modeling and search algorithms for effective cost optimization. This paper develops a hybrid fuzzy logic based genetic algorithm model to solve the multi-objective passenger railway scheduling problem aiming to optimize total operational costs at a satisfactory level of customer service. This hybrid approach integrates genetic algorithm with the fuzzy logic approach which uses the fuzzy controller to determine the crossover rate and mutation rate in genetic algorithm approach in the optimization process. The numerical study demonstrates the improvement of the proposed hybrid approach, and the fuzzy genetic algorithm has demonstrated its effectiveness to generate better results than standard genetic algorithm and other traditional heuristic approaches, such as simulated annealing.
Highlights
E-learning is both cause and result of significant changes in the definition of education concept, as well as changes in the understanding of how it should be organized and managed (Peters, 2003)
14 papers were selected for the analysis that fit the research objectives, as shown in Table 1: and research agenda
The integrative review method was used to map the studies in the Web of Science, Scopus, Ebsco and Scielo databases, regarding the use of Learning Management Systems (LMS) in the e-learning management. 78 papers were located, of which 14 full papers were selected to compose the analysis portfolio
Summary
E-learning is both cause and result of significant changes in the definition of education concept, as well as changes in the understanding of how it should be organized and managed (Peters, 2003). E-learning implies important changes in the culture and structure of the institutions that decide to adopt it (Moore & Kearsley, 2007) It assists in the production of new knowledge backed by IT, and an integrated view of it can enable the creation and management of internal and external processes as parts of a great organizational system (Vieira et al, 2005). Background studies such as the ones by Bach, Domingues and Walter (2013) and Zawacki-Richter, Bäcker and Sebastian Vogt (2009) points out that there are gaps in the e-learning literature.
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