Learning from the enemy? Jihadist power in Mali, and implications for security and development agendas

Abstract

This article explores howviolent jihadist groups structure and expand their presence in Mali, and itsuggests some policy implications for security and development. A theoreticalframework is presented that combines rebel governance literature, with specialreference to so-called jihadist proto-states, with an analysis of powerrevolving around three dimensions: cultural hegemony, political dominion, andforce. This framework is applied to Mali. The complex galaxy of militant groupsoperating in the country is briefly introduced, with their coalitions andfragmentation, and the consequences of their activities on community securityand livelihoods are outlined. An embryonic theory follows, that accounts forhow militants project power and exert control over communities: not only withviolence, but also through ideological struggles and service delivery. Jihadistsuccesses, in Mali and beyond, largely result from skilful applications ofthese 3 dimensions of power, different yet mutually reinforcing. Policies aimedat countering violent jihad should likewise target all the 3 dimensions bygoing beyond armed counterterrorism, by engaging jihadists in ideological debates,and by promoting better forms of governance.