Abstract
The lean or Toyota Production System (TPS), the just-in-time production system or lean production system can be described as the ideal combination of four principles (Imai, 1986). These principles are the (1) zero defect principle, the pull principle, the tact principle, and the flow principle as displayed in Fig. 11.1 (Helmold & Samara, 2019). The TPS is an integrated socio-technical system, developed by Toyota, that comprises its management philosophy and practices. The TPS is a management system that organizes manufacturing and logistics for the automobile manufacturer, including interaction with suppliers and customers. The system is a major precursor of the more generic lean manufacturing (Bertagnolli, 2020).
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