Abstract
Background: Fish consumption may have beneficial effects on metabolic syndrome (MetS); however, limited information of such associations exists. This study investigated possible associations between fish consumption and changes in MetS components during a 13-year follow-up period. Methods: The sample included participants (26–69 years) from the Tromsø Study 4 (1994–1995, n = 23,907) and Tromsø Study 6 (2007–2008, n = 12,981). Data were collected using questionnaires including food frequency questions, non-fasting blood samples, and physical examinations. MetS was defined using the Joint Interim Societies (JIS) definition, in which one point was given for each MetS criteria fulfilled (metabolic score). Longitudinal analyses were performed using Linear mixed models. Results: For both genders, lean fish consumption once a week or more was significantly associated with decreased future metabolic score, decreased triglycerides, and increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, whereas decreased waist circumference and blood pressure was identified only for men (age adjusted models). Fatty fish consumption was significantly associated with increased waist circumference for both genders and increased HDL-cholesterol levels in men. Conclusion: The results suggest that fatty and lean fish consumption may influence MetS differently and that lean fish consumption in particular seems to be associated with beneficial changes in the MetS components.
Highlights
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) consists of different risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD)and diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) [1], and it includes a cluster of metabolic abnormalities such as abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia and hypertension
In this 13-year follow-up study, lean fish consumption was associated with beneficial changes in four out of five components comprising metabolic syndrome (MetS) improvements were identified in abdominal obesity (WC), lipid profile (TG and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-C), and blood pressure
High reproducibility has been observed when using food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to assess key nutrients of a healthy Mediterranean diet [86]. In this large population-based study from Norway, lean fish consumption was associated with beneficial changes in four of the five MetS components during the 13-year follow-up period
Summary
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) consists of different risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD)and diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) [1], and it includes a cluster of metabolic abnormalities such as abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia and hypertension. Abdominal obesity appears to precede the appearance of the other components of MetS [3] and when the adipocytes’ ability to store fat is exceeded, fatty acids are released, resulting in an elevation of circulating free fatty acids (FFA) [4,5]. This increased level of FFA reduces insulin sensitivity in tissue by inhibiting insulin-mediated glucose uptake, which in turn leads to increased circulating blood glucose together with increased pancreatic insulin secretion. This study investigated possible associations between fish consumption and changes in MetS components during a 13-year follow-up period
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