Abstract
Intestinal tract is the boundary that prevents harmful molecules from invading into the mucosal tissue, followed by systemic circulation. Intestinal permeability is an index for intestinal barrier integrity. Intestinal permeability has been shown to increase in various diseases—not only intestinal inflammatory diseases, but also systemic diseases, including diabetes, chronic kidney dysfunction, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. Chronic increase of intestinal permeability is termed ‘leaky gut’ which is observed in the patients and animal models of these diseases. This state often correlates with the disease state. In addition, recent studies have revealed that gut microbiota affects intestinal and systemic heath conditions via their metabolite, especially short-chain fatty acids and lipopolysaccharides, which can trigger leaky gut. The etiology of leaky gut is still unknown; however, recent studies have uncovered exogenous factors that can modulate intestinal permeability. Nutrients are closely related to intestinal health and permeability that are actively investigated as a hot topic of scientific research. Here, we will review the effect of nutrients on intestinal permeability and microbiome for a better understanding of leaky gut and a possible mechanism of increase in intestinal permeability.
Highlights
Leaky gut refers to the dysfunction of the intestinal barrier and often leads to the generation of leaky gut syndrome (LGS) under chronic states
An advanced study has shown that leukocyte infiltration to the liver and mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines TLR4 and TLR9 were increased in HFD-fed mice, in which the intestinal barrier was disrupted by co-administration of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) with HFD, which downregulated zonula occludens (ZOs)-1 and Claudin-1 expression in the colon, suggesting that leaky gut and the following attack to liver by LPS are involved in pathogenesis of liver dysfunction [133]
We reviewed the effect of dietary fiber and fats on intestinal permeability and microbiome, and the correlations between them
Summary
Leaky gut refers to the dysfunction of the intestinal barrier and often leads to the generation of leaky gut syndrome (LGS) under chronic states. The pathological manifestation of leaky gut is increased intestinal permeability, which is induced by various causative factors. Classical LGS has been observed concomitantly with gut inflammation, including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) or coeliac disease, and NSAIDs-induced ulceration that was studied from 1970 to 1990 extensively [1,2,3]. We know the entire genetic content of human gut microbiota, the amount of which is calculated to be 100-fold or higher compared to human genomic content [5]. These findings have led to the emergence genomic content [5]. Relealtaiotniosnhisphsipbsetbweetewneneuntrnieunttrsi,egnutst,mgiucrtombiiocmroeb, iaonmd ein, taenstdinianltbeastrirniearl. bLaPrSr:ileipr.oLpPolSy:slaicp-opolysac cchhaarirdidese,sS,CSFCAFsA: ssh: osrhto-crht-acinhafainttyfaatctiydsa.cids
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