Abstract
Chikungunya, dengue, Zika, malaria, Japanese encephalitis, filariasis, West Nile, etc. are mosquito transmitted diseases that have killed millions of people worldwide, and millions of people are at risk of these diseases. Control of the mosquitoes, such as Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus, is challenging due to their development of resistance to synthetic insecticides. The habitats of the young mosquitoes are also the habitats for foodborne pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC96) and Serratia marcescens (MTCC4822). The present study was aimed at synthesizing eco-friendly green nanoparticles using Dillenia indica leaf broth and analyzing its efficacy in controlling the vector mosquitoes A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus, as well as the microbial pathogens St. aureus and Se. marcescens. The formation of selenium nanoparticles (SeNps) was confirmed using UV-Vis spectroscopy (absorption peak at 383.00 nm), Fourier transform infrared radiation (FTIR spectrum peaks at 3177, 2114, 1614, 1502, 1340, 1097, 901, 705, and 508 cm−1), X-ray diffraction (diffraction peaks at 23.3 (100), 29.6 (101), 43.5 (012), and 50.05 (201)), and scanning electron microscopy (oval shaped). The size of the nanoparticles and their stability were analyzed using dynamic light scattering (Z-Average value of 248.0 nm) and zeta potential (−13.2 mV). The SeNps disorganized the epithelial layers and have broken the peritrophic membrane. Histopathological changes were also observed in the midgut and caeca regions of the SeNPs treated A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus larvae. The SeNps were also active on both the bacterial species showing strong inhibitory zones. The present results will explain the ability of SeNps in controlling the mosquitoes as well as the bacteria and will contribute to the development of multi potent eco-friendly compounds.
Highlights
The genus Dillenia belongs to the family Dilleniaceae which has 60 species, of which Dillenia indica Linnaeus is one of the common edible species
The selenium nanoparticles mediated by D. indica leaf extracts were visually confirmed by the color change from orange to red
The UV absorption peak of the synthesized nanoparticles recorded from the reaction medium at 80 ◦ C using 5% D. indica leaf extract with 50 Mm selenious acid exposed to 24 h of reaction time clearly confirms the presence of selenium nanoparticles (Figure 1A)
Summary
The genus Dillenia belongs to the family Dilleniaceae which has 60 species, of which Dillenia indica Linnaeus is one of the common edible species. D. indica, known as elephant apple, is an evergreen tree. They grow up to 15 m tall, with spreading branches and leaves that are 20–30 cm long, serrate, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate and clustered towards the branch endings [1]. Though this evergreen tropical tree is native to Indonesia, it is distributed throughout India, China and the Coatings 2020, 10, 626; doi:10.3390/coatings10070626 www.mdpi.com/journal/coatings. The leaves and fruits of D. indica were traditionally used to cure fever, constipation, diarrhea, stomach pain, etc. The leaves and fruits of D. indica were traditionally used to cure fever, constipation, diarrhea, stomach pain, etc. [4]
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