Leaf chlorophyll estimates of temperate deciduous shrubs during autumn senescence using a SPAD-502 meter and calibration with extracted chlorophyll

Abstract

The soil plant analysis development (SPAD) meter proved effective at estimating leaf Chl content of native and non-native temperate deciduous shrubs. However, due to the change in the relationship between SPAD values and Chl content during the course of autumn senescence, it may be necessary to establish separate calibration equations to cover a range of leaf Chl concentrations. Non-destructive estimates of leaf chlorophyll (Chl) content by hand-held chlorophyll meters such as the Minolta SPAD-502 provide an effective time-efficient method of collecting field data on senescence. To establish useable species-specific calibration equations of relationships between chlorophyll meter readings and leaf Chl content. During autumn, we collected SPAD values and quantum yield of photosystem-II (ΦPSII) over a 10-week period from 1044 leaf samples representing native and non-native temperate deciduous shrub species growing in the wild. Subsequently, Chl was extracted from leaf discs (1 cm diameter), incubated at 65 °C for 2 h in dimethyl sulfoxide, and quantified by spectroscopy. Relationships between extracted Chl and SPAD values were established using linear, quadratic, and exponential equations. Quadratic functions proved the most reliable fit for the data. Interestingly, non-native species tended to have higher leaf Chl content and SPAD values but also exhibited higher variability than native species. The strength (r2) of the SPAD-Chl relationships was weaker than those reported for agricultural or greenhouse-grown plants, but strengthened over time as Chl, ΦPSII, and SPAD values declined. The SPAD meter proved effective at estimating leaf Chl content of native and non-native temperate deciduous shrubs. These estimates may be used in future to validate remote sensing (satellite and near-surface) vegetation indices in late autumn when trees are leafless.