Abstract
This chapter explores Black clubwomen’s determination to create a national advocacy and civil rights organization. Terrell was a founding member of the National League of Colored Women (NLCW). Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin of Boston proposed a national conference, which led to the creation of the National Federation of Afro-American Women, with Margaret Murray Washington as president. The next year, 1896, the two groups met in Washington, D.C., and created one unified national organization, the National Association of Colored Women (NACW). Mary Church Terrell was elected NACW’s first president. This chapter explores how her maternalist activism and leadership of the NACW was shaped by her tragic reproductive losses, as she prioritized the building of infant day nurseries, day care facilities, and kindergartens for the children of working black women.
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