Leadership Styles and Indicators of Their Use in Higher Education

Abstract

Universities throughout the world are always striving to enhance their performance in order to satisfy the demands of a highly competitive higher education market, secure resources, and preserve their survival and continuation. In line with this approach, the goal of this research is to determine the nature of business leadership styles and their applicability to the environment of higher education in order to draw certain conclusions that will help universities in Iraq and the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The researcher employed the Meta-analysis approach to examine chosen theoretical and applied studies spanning over seven decades, including theoretical studies on leadership concepts, theories, and styles, as well as the pros and cons of leadership. Several empirical and applied studies connected to the concepts in the theoretical studies were also analyzed in order to derive the results from the applications and determine the extent to which the applied results are compatible with the approved leadership styles' theoretical frameworks. Based on the foregoing, the researcher discussed leadership concepts, theories, styles, and applications, as well as the extent to which leadership style applications are influenced by motivation, the conclusions drawn from them, and indicators of their use in universities and higher education institutions.