Lead

Abstract

AbstractOn a weight basis lead is the fifth most used metal in the world. As a metal, lead is prized for properties such as high density, ease of fabrication, chemical stability in air and water, ability to absorb high energy radiation, and for its electrochemistry, especially the reaction with sulfuric acid. The lead–acid storage battery is used worldwide. Lead also forms alloys and compounds.Lead is generally recovered from ores containing 2–6% lead sulfide. After concentration, the sulfide is smelted to metal, refined to remove impurities, and the valuable by‐products such as silver and gold recovered. Several newer technologies for smelting have come into commercial operation outside of the United States to replace the traditional sinter/blast furnace process. Refining and by‐product recovery are achieved by traditional pyrometallurgical and electrolytic methods. These primary production methods are described.Recycling of the lead in scrap lead–acid batteries is steadily increasing and, in the United States, accounts for two‐thirds of the lead consumed annually. Secondary production methods are described, including technologies under development to improve recycling capabilities.World consumption of lead has increased despite environmental concerns of health and safety factors. Future growth in the lead industry, however, depends on the market for lead–acid batteries.