Abstract
The main aim of this review was to assess the incidence of Pb, Hg and Cd in seafood from African countries on the Indian and the Red Sea coasts and the level of their monitoring and control, where the direct consumption of seafood without quality control are frequently due to the poverty in many African countries. Some seafood from African Indian and the Red Sea coasts such as mollusks and fishes have presented Cd, Pb and Hg concentrations higher than permitted limit by FAOUN/EU regulations, indicating a possible threat to public health. Thus, the operationalization of the heavy metals (HM) monitoring and control is strongly recommended since these countries have laboratories with minimal conditions for HM analysis.
Highlights
Seafood is one of the main food and international economic sources in many coastal countries [1,2]
Reported heavy metals (HM) that are environmentally relevant due to their effects on the species found in the marine environment, including seafood, which constitute a threat for public
The kidney is the most affected and the symptomatic signs are the presence of low molecular weight proteins (LMWP) [68], β 2-microglobulin (β2-MG) [68], N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG) [68,69] and retinol-binding protein (RBP) [68] in the urine
Summary
Seafood (fish and shellfish) is one of the main food and international economic sources in many coastal countries [1,2] It contains an essential nutritional composition which is crucial to human diet such as vitamins D, B12, A and E (for bones fortification [3]; nucleic acids synthesis, red blood cell and neurological function [4]; maintenance of vision and respiratory tract [5]; and for antioxidant defense [5], respectively), minerals [Selenium (for antioxidant defense and thyroid function regulation) [6], calcium (for maintenance of bones and teeth) [7], Zinc (for enzymatic catalysis for human metabolism and immune system functioning) [5], Iron (for oxygen transportation in the blood) [8], proteins (for enzymatic composition) [9], lipids [ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (for prevention the of heart disease due to low cholesterol content) [10]], iodine (for the production and functioning of the thyroid) [8] and others. Eng.h2e02a0l,t8h, ,34in clude: lead (Pb), mercury (Hg) and cadmium (Cd) [11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25], due to otfh3e6ir involvement in the activation of enzymes and biochemicals, constituting a base for human organism functioning. involvement in thTehaectpivraetsieonncoefoefnzHyMmeisnasnedafboioocdheismoicnaelso, fcothnestmituatiinngtharbeaastes ftoorphuubmliacnhoeraglatnhi,samnd its monitoring and functTiohneinpgre.csoenntcreool fhHasMtoinbseeadfooonde irsigoonreooufstlhyeimn aAinfrtihcraenatcsotuo npturbielisc ohfeathlteh,Iannddiaitns Omcoenaitnorainngd the Red Sea, where and control hmaosstot obfe tdhoeneseraigfooroodusflryoimn Amfraircianneceonunvtirrioens mofethnetsInadreiacnoOncseuamn aendddthireeRcteldy Sweait,hwohuetrequality control due to most of the speoavfoeordtyfr[o2m0,2m6a,2ri7n]e. eTnhvuirso,ntmheenmtsaainreocbonjescutmiveedodfitrhecitslyrewviitehwouwt qausatloityascosenstrsotlhdeuientcoidence of Pb, Hg and poverty [20,C26d,2i7n].sTehaufoso, tdhefrmomainAofbrijceactnivIenodfiathnisanredvitehwe Rweads tSoeaascsoesasstths eanindcitdheenlceevoeflPobf,tHhegiranmdonitoring and control; Cd in seafoosodmfreormecAomfrimcaennIdnadtiiaonnsanwdiltlhaelsRoebdeSpearecsoeansttesda.nIdn thheislreevvelieowf ,tthheeirtemromni“toHrMing” aisnudsed to refer to Pb, Hg control; somaenrdecComdmanendd“astieoanfsoowdil”l atlosorebfeepr rteosefinstheda.nIndtshhiserllefivsiehw. , the term “HM” is used to refer to Pb, Hg and Cd and “seafood” to refer to fish and shellfish
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