Abstract
Pb 2+, like Cu 2+, forms strong complexes with fulvic acids (Cd 2+-fulvate complexes are much weaker), but Pb-fulvate precipitates at a much lower mole ratio of metal ion to fulvic acid than either Cu-fulvate or Cd-fulvate does. Physical association of Pb 2+ with Pb-fulvate solids as well as complexation by sites still available in the precipitates probably causes the increased removal of free Pb 2+ from solution after precipitation begins.
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