Abstract
This review covers the state-of-the-art in organo–inorganic lead-free hybrid perovskites (HPs) and applications of these exciting materials as light harvesters in photovoltaic systems. Special emphasis is placed on the influence of the spatial organization of HP materials both on the micro- and nanometer scale on the performance and stability of perovskite-based solar light converters. This review also discusses HP materials produced by isovalent lead(II) substitution with Sn2+ and other metal(II) ions, perovskite materials formed on the basis of M3+ cations (Sb3+, Bi3+) as well as on combinations of M+/M3+ ions aliovalent to 2Pb2+ (Ag+/Bi3+, Ag+/Sb3+, etc.). The survey is concluded with an outlook highlighting the most promising strategies for future progress of photovoltaic systems based on lead-free perovskite compounds.
Highlights
The field of photovoltaics and photochemical light harvesting using nanocrystalline semiconductor materials is a thriving field of research that intersects physics, physical and material chemistry, photonics and photochemistry
Despite large recombination losses reported for CsSnX3 materials, solar cells based on these compounds showed a promising light conversion efficiency of ≈13% indicating a great potential for the lead-free hybrid perovskites (HPs) [59,62,63]
A comparative study of inverted solar cells composed of 2D- and 0D-Cs3Sb2I9, a PEDOT:PSS hole transport layer (HTL) and a PC70BM electron transport layer (ETL) resulted in power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 1.5% and 0.89% for 2D- and 0D-form, respectively [89]
Summary
The field of photovoltaics and photochemical light harvesting using nanocrystalline semiconductor materials is a thriving field of research that intersects physics, physical and material chemistry, photonics and photochemistry. Despite large recombination losses reported for CsSnX3 materials, solar cells based on these compounds showed a promising light conversion efficiency of ≈13% indicating a great potential for the lead-free HP [59,62,63].
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