Abstract
The recycling of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is becoming increasingly important due to the depletion of natural resources and potential pollution from the spent batteries. In this work, different types of acids (2 M citric (C6H8O7), 1 M oxalic (C2H2O4), 2 M sulfuric (H2SO4), 4 M hydrochloric (HCl), and 1 M nitric (HNO3) acid)) and reducing agents (hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), glucose (C6H12O6) and ascorbic acid (C6H8O6)) were selected for investigating the recovery of valuable metals from waste LIBs. The crushed and sieved material contained on average 23% (w/w) cobalt, 3% (w/w) lithium, and 1–5% (w/w) nickel, copper, manganese, aluminum, and iron. Results indicated that mineral acids (4 M HCl and 2 M H2SO4 with 1% (v/v) H2O2) produced generally higher yields compared with organic acids, with a nearly complete dissolution of lithium, cobalt, and nickel at 25 °C with a slurry density of 5% (w/v). Further leaching experiments carried out with H2SO4 media and different reducing agents with a slurry density of 10% (w/v) show that nearly all of the cobalt and lithium can be leached out in sulfuric acid (2 M) when using C6H8O6 as a reducing agent (10% g/gscraps) at 80 °C.
Highlights
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are currently widely used in consumer electronics, and their demand in electric and hybrid vehicles and renewable energy-related energy storage applications is expected to grow in the near future [1]
This study presents the results of leaching tests performed on commercially crushed and sieved spent LIBs
The mineral acids, especially 2 M H2 SO4 and 4 M HCl, were shown to be the most effective for lithium leaching from the industrially-crushed LIB batch investigated, with and without the addition of a reducing agent (H2 O2 ), with H2 O2 having a positive effect on metals extraction
Summary
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are currently widely used in consumer electronics, and their demand in electric and hybrid vehicles and renewable energy-related energy storage applications is expected to grow in the near future [1]. The experiments were conducted on crushed spent LIBs sourced from an industrial process, and similar leaching parameters were used throughout for all lixiviants This allows a more straightforward comparison of the different leaching conditions and the challenges related to the leaching of LiB wastes—in particular the inconsistences of the metal content of the waste stream—to be assessed more in terms of leaching process scale-up. This study presents the results of leaching tests performed on commercially crushed and sieved spent LIBs. The leaching tests were performed with five different acids, with and without the addition of a reducing agent (H2 O2 ). The effects of three different reducing agents on the LIB leaching efficiency in H2 SO4 are presented
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