Abstract

Over the past decade, the Italian industrial system gained appreciable progress featuring an increasing spread of innovative activities. Using updated microeconomic data, we highlight a number of critical factors affecting this process. The possibility of implementing effective policies and overcoming imbalances is conditioned by external constraints, typically concerning the ‘two capitals’: financial and human capital. For the financial structure and liquidity constraints, economic policy interventions have produced appreciable results. Concerning the strengthening of human capital, on the other hand, measures were mostly ineffective in contrasting a constraint that has become increasingly significant over time. Active policies are required, but directly addressing the specific needs and difficulties of operators.

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