Le sentiment de culpabilité et de honte chez les survivants de l’Holocauste

Abstract

Participants in the study were Jewish Holocaust survivors ( n = 89). A total of 70 respondents constituted the trauma group. The remaining 19 participants were regarded as the controls. The control group consisted of persons of Jewish nationality who had experienced the trauma of anti-Semitic persecution, but their life had not been directly threatened. The aim of the study was to find out whether feelings of guilt and shame are still present in narratives of the Holocaust survivors, years after their traumatic experiences. A quantitative analysis of responses concerning guilt and shame feelings revealed no significant differences between the study group and the controls. The paper presents a historical outline of thought regarding survivors’ guilt and shame. Combining data reported in the literature and contemporary narratives of the survivors, it can be hypothesized that we are confronted with a dynamic process of the survivor's working through grief and bereavement. An open question remains whether the bereavement process can be completed in survivors – it is difficult to complete because of the extent of trauma. Completion of the process is perhaps possible, but requires more time, besides, some conditions must be fulfilled first – particularly, a place for the Jewish Holocaust should be acknowledged and affirmed not only in personal narratives, but also in social discourse.