Abstract
TREATING RADIO-IODINE REFRACTORY DIFFERENTIATED THYROID CANCER IN 2024: About 5 to 10% of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) have advanced tumors at presentation or recurrence, with invasive cervical disease and/or distant metastases that cannot be effectively treated by conventional treatment, i.e. thyroid surgery and radioactive iodine. These DTC cases are defined as refractory to radioiodine (RAIR) and require expert multidisciplinary management. In France, patients are referred to centers of the ENDOCAN-TUTHYREF Network. This review summarizes current management of RAIR DTC patients and therapeutic options available in 2024. We discuss following topics : epidemiological data, modalities of local ablative treatment for selected metastatic lesions, molecular tests to be performed, optimum timing for initiating systemic therapy, choice of first-line treatment among validated tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), alternative targeted treatments (including selective TKIs adapted to the molecular profile, some of which can redifferentiate and restore radioactive iodine uptake), proactive management of TKI side effects, and finally give an overview of systemic strategies. Management of RAIR DTC is still challenging but substantial progress has been made over the last decade that has significantly improved outcome for these more aggressive thyroid cancer.
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