LC-MS/HRMS Analysis, Anti-Cancer, Anti-Enzymatic and Anti-Oxidant Effects of Boerhavia diffusa Extracts: A Potential Raw Material for Functional Applications.

Yasemin Celik Altunoglu,Mohamad Fawzi Mahomoodally,Mehmet Cengiz Baloğlu,Dimitrina Zheleva-Dimitrova,Reneta Gevrenova,Devina Lobine,Afaf A. Aldahish,Uğur Akpulat,Kouadio Ibrahime Sinan,Raffaele Capasso,Shafi Mahmud,Ouattara Katinan Etienne,Gokhan Zengin

doi:10.3390/antiox10122003

Abstract

Boerhavia diffusa is a great tropical plant and is widely used for various traditional purposes. In the present study, we examined the influence of solvents (dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol and infusion (water)) on chemical composition and biological capabilities of B. diffusa. An UHPLC-HRMS method was used to determine the chemical characterization. The biological ability was examined for antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory and anti-cancer effects. To evaluate antioxidant effects, different chemical methods (ABTS, DPPH, CUPRAC, FRAP, metal chelating and phosphomolybdenum) were applied. With regard to enzyme inhibitory properties, cholinesterases, amylase, glucosidase and tyrosinase were used. The MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line was chosen to determine anticancer activity. Based on the UHPLC-HRMS analysis, 37 specialized metabolites were dereplicated and identified in the studied extracts. Results revealed the presence of 15 hydroxybenzoic, hydroxycinnamic, acylquinic acids, and their glycosides, one rotenoid, seven flavonoids, 12 fatty acids and two other glycosides. Among the tested extracts, the methanol extract showed a stronger antioxidant ability compared with other extracts. The methanol extract also showed the best inhibitory effects on tyrosinase and glucosidase. In the anti-cancer evaluation, the methanol extract showed stronger anticancer effects compared with water extract. In summary, our observations can contribute to the establishment of B. diffusa as a potential candidate for functional applications in the preparation.

Highlights

Over the past century, the pharmaceutical and food industries have focused more on replacing synthetic compounds with natural ones, and this fact is important in reducing consumer concerns [1]
Based on afore-mentioned properties of B. diffusa, we aimed to examine chemical constituent profiles of several solvent extracts (dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water) of B. diffusa and analyze whether these extracts affect proliferation of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line, an in vitro model of hormone-independent breast cancer, as well as antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory properties
Based on the observation of the cytotoxic activity of the methanolic extract on hormoneThe current study reports thephytochemical metabolite profile of the aerial diffusa for the independent breast cancer cells, constituents thatpart mayof beB.responsible for this behavior were investigated in the literature

Summary

Introduction

The pharmaceutical and food industries have focused more on replacing synthetic compounds with natural ones, and this fact is important in reducing consumer concerns [1]. In this sense, plants and plant extracts are gaining interest on pharmacy and market shelves [2,3,4]. The discovery of new, effective, and safe raw material is increasing day by day [6]. At this point, unexplored wild plants are considered as a promising treasure for the new raw materials

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