Abstract
Clausena indica (Datz.) Oliv fruit pericarps (CIOPs) is an important agro-industrial by-product rich in active components. In this article, the effects of traditional and green deep eutectic solvents (DESs) on the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) characterization, antioxidant activities, and α-glucosidase-inhibitory activity of phenolic extracts from CIOPs were investigated for the first time. The results showed that ChCl-Gly and Bet-CA had higher extraction efficiency for the total phenolic content (TPC, 64.14–64.83 mg GAE/g DW) and total flavonoid content (TFC, 47.83–48.11 mg RE/g DW) compared with the traditional solvents (water, methanol, and ethyl acetate). LC-Q-Orbitrap-MS/MS was adopted to identify the phenolic compositions of the CIOPs extracts. HPLC-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) results indicated that arbutin, (–)-epigallocatechin, chlorogenic acid, procyanidin B1, (+)-catechin, and (–)-epicatechin were the major components for all extracts, especially for deep eutectic solvents (DESs). In addition, ChCl-Xyl and ChCl-Gly extracts showed higher antioxidant activities against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•), 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS+•), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), reducing power (RP), and cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) than extracts extracted by other solvents. A strong α-glucosidase-inhibiting activity (IC50, 156.25-291.11 μg/ml) was found in three DESs extracts. Furthermore, in silico analysis of the major phenolics in the CIOPs extracts was carried out to explore their interactions with α-glucosidase. Multivariate analysis was carried out to determine the key factors affecting the antioxidant activity and α-glucosidase-inhibiting activity. In short, DES can be taken as a promising solvent for valorization and recovery of bioactive compounds from agro-industrial by-products. The results verified that CIOPs can be used as a prospective source rich in bio-active compounds applied in the food and pharmacy industries.
Highlights
Clausena indica (Datz.) Oliv, which belongs to the wild evergreen arbor plant of the Rutaceae family, is mainly distributed in the Southern and Southeastern Asian countries [1]
It was found that ChCl-Xyl and ChCl-Gly were more effective in extracting Total Phenolic Content (TPC) (64.14–64.83 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g dry weight (DW)) than other deep eutectic solvents (DESs)
We found that 50% MeOH extract showed the highest TPC (50.75 mg GAE/g DW), followed by water (26.38 mg GAE/g DW) extracts
Summary
Clausena indica (Datz.) Oliv, which belongs to the wild evergreen arbor plant of the Rutaceae family, is mainly distributed in the Southern and Southeastern Asian countries [1]. In China, it is mainly distributed in Hainan Island, Guangxi, and Yunnan, etc. C. indica fruit is widely used for strengthening the spleen and improving human immunity [2]. Many researchers have confirmed that C. indica fruit is rich in polyphenols, coumarins, alkaloids, terpenoids, and has various biological activities, such as anti-oxidation, anti-diabetics, anti-bacteria, anti-inflammation, lipid-modifying, and liver-protective effects [3]. The processed products of C. indica fruit mainly include beverage, jam, and preserved fruit, but a large amount of C. indica fruit pericarps (CIOPs) are often discarded as waste in the process of industrial processing, causing considerable environmental pollution. It is of paramount importance to realize the valorization and recovery of bioactive compounds from CIOPs
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